Artemisinin Derivatives with Natural Amino Acids, Peptides, and Amino Sugars for the Treatment of Infection and Topical Condition in Mammals

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses certain derivatives of artemisinin and the active principles contained in Artemisia annua extracts with amino acids, peptides, and amino sugars, and isomers and salts thereof (formula I). The compounds of the present invention possess wide-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal biological activity suitable for topical or oral application for the treatment of infections and topical ailments in mammals, including acne, rosacea, topical wounds, infections, dandruff, skin disfigurements caused by infection, skin discoloration, age spots, wrinkles, excess facial oil, and veterinary problems including canine infections;

This invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/615,561 (filed Jan. 1, 2007), now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to certain Artemisinin derivatives that are classified as sesquiterpenes with an endo-peroxide group. The compounds of the present invention possess wide-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal biological activity, which are suitable for topical or oral application for the treatment of infections and topical ailments in mammals, including acne, rosacea, topical wounds, infections, dandruff, skin disfigurements, age spots, wrinkles, excess facial oil, and veterinary problems.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

Artemisia annua extracts have been used in ancient Chinese medicine (qinqhao) for a number of treatments. Medicinal use of the Chinese herb qinqhao appears in several standard Chinese Materia Medica texts as a treatment for febrile illnesses. The herb was specifically recommended for fevers in the Zhou Hou Bei fi Fang (The Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies) written by Ge Heng and published in 341 AD. The most detailed description appears in the “Compendium of Materia Medica—Ben Cao Gang Mu, compiled in 1596, and is still printed in China today. The antimalarial activity of qinqhao was rediscovered in China in 1972, and the antimalarial active principal of qinqhao was named “qinghaosu”. The western name for the compound is artemisinin. Recently, however, this extract has been used for the treatment of malaria. Distribution of artemisinin in Artemisia annua has been reviewed [Ferreira et al., Progress in New Crops, J. Janick (ed.), ASHS Press 579 (1996)].

Moreover, it has been disclosed that artemisinin is the active agent that delivers the antimalarial benefits of Artemisia annua extracts. Only orally administered compositions seem to provide antimalarial or other benefits.

Artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and its analogs are the treatments of choice for cerebral or chloroquine resistant malaria or for patients with chloroquine allergy. Artemisinin is a naturally occurring substance, obtained by purification from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua. Artemisinin and its analogs are sesquiterpene lactones with a peroxide bridge, and are characterized by very low toxicity and poor water solubility. Artemisinin is known as a humoral immunosuppressive agent that is less active than cyclophosphamide, the latter being one of the major chemotherapeutic agents for carcinomas. Artemisinin stimulates cell-mediated immunity, and yet decreases abnormally elevated levels of polyamine regulatory proteins. It also markedly inhibits nucleic acid and protein syntheses. Further, it affects cellular membrane functions and decreases hepatic cytochrome oxidase enzyme system activity. Still further, it is virustatic against influenza and cidal against three groups of pathogenic parasites.

Known analogs of artemisinin that have higher solubility in water are dihydroartemisinin, artemether, artesunate, arteether, propylcarbonate dihydroartemisinin and artelinic acid. Dihydroartemisinin has an antimalarial potency that is 60% higher than that of artemisinin. Artemether and artesunate have antimalarial potencies that are 6 times and 5.2 times, respectively, that of artemisinin. In terms of their ability to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, dihydroartemisinin, artemether, artesunate, arteether, and propylcarbonate dihydroartemisinin all have 100 times the activity of artemisinin, and protein synthesis is stimulated to an even greater extent by these compounds. Artesunate stimulates the immune system at low doses and inhibits it at high doses. Artelinic acid is the most water-soluble and the most stable of the group. Two of the compounds in this group have been demonstrated to display synergistic activity with doxorubicin (a chemotherapeutic agent) and miconazole (an antifungal agent) in the in vitro killing of asmodium falciparum, the etiologic agent of malaria. Artemisone has recently been disclosed to possess high antimalarial activity [Haynes et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 20, 2082 (2006)]. Secondary metabolites of Artemisia annua extract and their biological activity has been reviewed [Bhakuni et al., Current Science, 80, 35 (2001)].

The very low toxicity of these compounds to humans is a major benefit. Artesunate, for example, is twice as safe as artemether and only one-fiftieth as toxic as chloroquinine, the most common antimalarial. The first manifestation of toxicity of these compounds is generally a decreased reticulocyte count. Other manifestations include transient fever, decreased appetite and elevated blood transaminase levels, the latter an indication of hepatotoxicity.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,676 discloses the use of artemisinin and artemisinin analogs in the treatment of skin conditions such as psoriasis, blistering skin diseases, viral warts, and hemorrhoids.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,880 discloses the use of artemisinin and artemisinin analogs in the treatment of warts, molluscum contagiosum and hemorrhoids.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,427 discloses certain 10-substituted ether derivatives of dihydroartemisinin alleged to exhibit antimalarial and antiprotozoal activity.

Artemisinin [(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,12S,12aR)-octahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10(3H)-one, formula (I)] alone has been shown to be toxic to cancer cells in vitro (Sun et al., “Antitumor Activities of 4 Derivatives of Artemisic Acid and Artemisinin B in vitro,” Chung-Kuo-Yao-Li-Hsuch-Pao 13:541-543 (1992)). The effect was found to be more effective for hepatoma and embryonic lung cells than against human gastric cancer cells. In another study (Woerdenbag et al., “Cytotoxicity of Artemisinin-related Endoperoxides to Erich Ascots Tumor Cells,” J. Nat. Prod. 56(6): 849-856 (1993)), artemisinin was shown to have efficacy against Ehrlich ascots tumor cells, as were several derivatives of dihydroartemisinin (artemether, arteether, sodium artesunate, artelinic acid, and sodium artelinate), some of which are in formula (I);

-   -   Artemisinin R¹═R²=0     -   Artemether R¹═H, R²═OMe     -   Dihydroartemisinin R¹═H, R²═OH     -   Arteether R¹═H, R²═OEt     -   Sodium Artesunate R¹═H, R²═OCO—CH₂CH₂COONa     -   Sodium Artelinate R¹═H, R²═OCO—CH₂C₆H₄COONa     -   Artenilic Acid R¹═H, R²═OCO—CH₂C₆H₄COOH

Artemisinin is a relatively safe drug with little side effects even at high doses. Oral dose of 70 mg/kg/day for 6 days has been used in humans for malaria treatment. Furthermore, more potent analogs of this and similar compounds are also available. Higher efficacy of artemisinin action also can be achieved by other means. For example, artemisinin is more reactive with heme than free iron (Hong, et al. “The Interaction of Artemisinin with Malarial Hemozoin,” Mol. Biochem. Parasit. 63:121-128 (1974)). Heme can be introduced into cells using transferrin (Stout, D. L., “The Role of Transferrin in Heme Transport,” Biochim. Biophy. Res. Comm. 189:765-770 (1992)) or the heme-carrying compound hemoplexin (Smith et al., “Expression of Haemopexin-Transport System in Cultured Mouse Hepatoma Cells,” Biochem. J. 256:941-950 (1988); Smith et al., “Hemopexin Joins Transferrin as Representative Members of a Distinct Class of Receptor-Mediated Endocytic Transport System,” Europ. J. Cell Biol. 53:234-245 (1990)). The effectiveness of artemisinin also can be enhanced by increasing oxygen tension, decreasing intake of antioxidants, and blockade of peroxidase and catalase by drugs such as miconazole (Meshnick et al., “Activated Oxygen Mediates the Antimalarial Activity of Qinghaosu,” Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 313:95-104 (1989); Krungkrai et al., “The Antimalarial Action on Plasmodium falciparum of Qinghaosu and Artesunate in Combination with Agents Which Modulate Oxidant Stress,” Tran. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81:710-714 (1989); Levander et al., “Qinghaosu, Dietary Vitamin E, Selenium, and Cod Liver Oil: Effect on the Susceptibility of Mice to the Malarial Parasite Plasmodium yoelii,” Am. J. Clin. Ntr. 50:346-352 (1989)).

The endoperoxide moiety of artemisinin and its analogs has been found to be necessary for antimalarial activity, and analogs lacking this group have been found to be inactive. In the presence of heme, the Endoperoxide Bridge undergoes reductive decomposition to form a free radical and electrophilic intermediates. Accordingly, endoperoxide bearing compounds other than artemisinin and its analogs have been found to have antimalarial activity. For example, arteflene (Biirgen et al., A New Effective Antimalarial: Chemical Structure and Biological Activity, Sixth International Congress for Infectious Diseases, Abst. 427, p. 152, April 1994, Prague), and the 1,2,4-trioxanes, such as the fenozans (Peters et al., “The Chemotherapy of Rodent Malaria. XLIX). The Activities of Some Synthetic 1,2,4-Trioxanes Against Chloroquinine-Sensitive and Chloroquinine-Resistant Parasites. Part 2: Structure-Activity Studies on cis-fused Cyclopenteno-1,2,4-Trioxane (Fenozans) Against Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Lines of Plasmodium berghei and P. yoelii spp. NS In Vivo,” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 87(1):9-16 (1993)), and the 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes [Vennerstrom et al., “Dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes: A New Class of Antimalarial Peroxides,” J. of Medicinal Chemistry, 35(16):3023-3027 (1992)].

Golenser et al. [Int. J. Parasitol., Sep. 12, 2006] report Artemisinin derivatives are the most recent single drugs approved and introduced for public antimalarial treatment. Although their recommended use is for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection, these drugs also act against other parasites, as well as against tumor cells. The mechanisms of action attributed to artemisinin include interference with parasite transport proteins, disruption of parasite mitochondrial function, and modulation of host immune function and inhibition of angiogenesis. Artemisinin combination therapies are currently the preferred treatment for malaria.

Meshnick [Int. J. Parasitol., 32, 1655 (2002); Microbiological Reviews, 301 (1996)] report Artemisinin and its derivatives are widely used throughout the world. The mechanism of action of these compounds appears to involve the heme-mediated decomposition of the endoperoxide bridge to produce carbon-centered free radicals. The involvement of heme explains why the drugs are selectively toxic to malaria parasites. The resulting carbon-centered free radicals are alkylate heme and proteins, one of which is the translationally controlled tumor protein. The mechanism of action of artemisinin thus appears to involve two steps. In the first step, activation, intra-parasitic iron catalyses the cleavage of the endoperoxide bridge and the generation of free radicals. In the second step, alkylation, the artemisinin-derived free radical forms covalent bonds with parasite proteins.

Goldstein et al. (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 20050147631) disclose certain cosmetic compositions and methods for retarding hair growth comprising a combination of an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, an anti-angiogenic active and an anti-inflammatory. Said compositions can include artemisinin.

Disbrow et al. [Cancer Research, 65, 10854 (2005)] report dihydroartemisinin and other artemisinin derivatives may be useful for the topical treatment of epithelial papillomavirus lesions, including those that have progressed to the neoplastic state.

Mazzio et al. (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 20040185123) disclose a topical herbal formulation for preventing and/or treating dyshidrosis (pompholyx), non-responsive to topical steroids. The formulation may also be used to treat contact dermatitis, eczema, palmoplantar pustulosis and skin infections incurred by invasive pathogens such as mold, fungus and bacteria. The formulation is comprised of plant extracts and niacin, that when combined yield an effective multi-faceted pharmaceutical approach to treating dry skin disorders. The active ingredients within the formula include a combination of dry, aqueous, acid and alcohol extracts of black walnut hull (Juglans Nigra), wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium), tumeric rhizome (Curcuma Longa), garlic (Allium sativum), chamomile (Matricaria Chamomile), licorice root (Glycyrrhiza Glabra), St Johns wort (Hypericum perforatum), aloe vera, niacin and herbal anti-bacterial agents. It is to be noted that Artemisia extract or artemisinin alone were not disclosed as a topical treatment agent.

Lai et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,637) disclose compounds having an endoperoxide moiety that is reactive with heme that are administered under conditions that enhance intracellular iron concentrations. Representative endoperoxide compounds include endoperoxide bearing sesquiterpene compounds such as artemisinin and its analogs, arteflene and its analogs, 1,2,4-trioxanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Intracellular iron concentrations may be enhanced by the administration of iron salts or complexes. It is to be noted that Artemisia extract or artemisinin alone were not disclosed as a topical treatment agent for the skin condition improvement such as acne, rosacea, and dark spots.

Zhao et al [Yao. Xue Xue Bao, 24, 813 (1989)] report Qinghaosu, also known as artemisinin and arteannuin, is a new type of antimalarial drug isolated from Artemisia annua. Its low solubility in water and oil limited its widespread clinical use. Artesunate (sodium dihydroqinghaosu hydrogen hemisuccinate monoester) is easily soluble in water and is used in the treatment of acute cerebral and malignant malaria via intravenous injection. However, artesunate was shown to have a very short half-life when given iv in animals as well as in human beings. A transdermal dosage form of artesunic acid had been prepared and was reported to have reliable suppressing and killing effects on plasmobium berghei in mice.

Hoang (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 20050096369) discloses compositions and methods for treating patients suffering from a proliferation disorder characterized by an increased voltage gated ion-channel uptake are described. Included are compositions comprised of a compound selected from the group consisting of matrine, oxymatrine, artemisinin, agmatine, and vinpocetine. However, Hoang did not disclose topical applications of Artemisia annua extracts or artemisinin for the skin condition improvement such as acne, rosacea, and dark spots.

Avery et al. (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 20050240034) disclose synthesis, bioassay, and utility of new C-9 and C-10 substituted artemisinin derivatives with easily functionalizable groups attached to the artemisinin skeleton through carbon chain or heteroatoms. Described also is the demonstration of this class of compounds for their broad-spectrum anti-parasitic activity. Certain of these analogs possess noticeable cytotoxicity deliberately focused on treatment of cancerous diseases.

Marash et al. (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 20060258716) disclose methods and compositions for treating or preventing pathological conditions associated with ferrous-dependent bacteria, such as, Helicobacter pylori in which high intracellular ferrous iron concentration is required for survival and pathogenesis. The compositions of the invention comprise endoperoxide bridge-containing compounds that specifically inhibit the growth of the ferrous-dependent bacteria and preferably promote the eradication of the bacteria. The compositions, typically also include at least one active agent for treating Helicobacter sp-related gastrointestinal disorders, such as a proton pump inhibitor, an H2 blocker or a bismuth-containing compound.

O'Neill et al. (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 20050256184) disclose certain substituted 1,2,4-trioxanes and 1,2,4-trioxepanes useful as anti-malarial and/or anticancer agents, and an improved method for their preparation. These are structural analogs of artemisinin.

Remberg et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,118,770) disclose A method of obtaining extract from Artemisia plant, said method comprising the steps of: (i) distilling fresh, newly harvested plants selected from the group consisting of Artemisia abrotanum, Artemisia pallens, Artemisia lerchinia, Artemisia thuscula, Artemisia rehan, Artemisia persica, Artemisia glabella, Artemisia rupestris, Lantana camara and Tanacetum vulgare by boiling to obtain an essential oil comprising davanon and 1,8-cineol and a remaining residual green mass of plant material; (ii) heating the residual green mass of step (i) in water to hydrolyze the flavonol glycosides therein to free flavonols and sugar; (iii) drying the residual green mass and extracting the green mass with alcohol to obtain an alcoholic extract of said residual green mass containing free flavonols; and (iv) combining the alcoholic extract of residual green mass containing free flavonols of step (iii) with the essential oil comprising davanon and 1,8-cineol obtained in step (i) to obtain the extract. These are useful for making a preparation having effect against allergic symptoms, more particularly a preparation which has proved to be effective for therapeutic and prophylactic relief or prevention of symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis, asthmatic conditions and other allergic conditions, such as allergic conjunctivitis, urticaria, or insect or plant stings

Few publications disclosed the use of artemisinin or artemisinin analogs as an anti-bacterial agent. U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,405 disclosed that α-arteether inhibits the growth of E. coli strains defective in DNA-gyrase enzyme whereas the wild type of E. coli having intact DNA gyrase genes were not sensitive to said α-arteethers. Shoeb et al. (Chemotherapy, 2, 362-367, 1990) disclosed that artemisinin possesses an anti-microbial activity against anaerobic bacteria. None of these publications disclose or suggest that artemisinin or its analogs may be used as an anti-bacterial agent against oxic or anoxic bacteria in general or specifically against acne and rosacea or treat topical wounds.

Chaturvedi et al (Chemical Society Reviews, “Artemisinin and its derivatives: a novel class of anti-malarial and anti-cancer agents”, 2010, 1) have reviewed recent work on artemisinin derivatives.

Haynes et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,649,647), Pan Qi Yu et al. (Science China, Chemistry, 53, 119 (2010), Mekonnen et al., (Bioorg Med. Chem. 2000; 5, 1111-6), and Avery et al. (J. Med. Chem. 1995; 38, 5038-44) have disclosed a number of 11-aza-artemisinin derivatives of formula (IIa); 11-aza-artemisinin derivatives have also been reported by Torok et al. (Tetrahedron Letters, Synthesis and reactions of 11-azaartemisinin and derivatives, Volume 36, Issue 6, 6 Feb. 1995, Pages 829-832) from the reaction of artemisinin and primary alkyl amines. However, Al-Oquail et al., Molecules 2003, 8, 901-909) report the reaction of artemisinin with a stronger base, such as ethanolamine, to cause the peroxide ring to open with the loss of one oxygen atom to form formula (IIb). However, Singh et al. (Amino- and Hydroxy-Functionalized 11-Azaartemisinins and Their Derivatives, Org. Lett., 2008, 10 (23), pp 5461-5464) report results contradictory to Al-Oquail et al.;

Breytenbach et al. (WO 2010/032165 A2) disclose certain pro-drugs of artemisinin of formula (III);

Ying Li et al. (U.S. Patent Application Publication 20090298881) disclose certain water soluble derivatives of artimisinine (formula IV);

Yang et al. (Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Volume 5, Issue 16, 17 Aug. 1995, Pages 1791-1794) report artemisinin derivatives of formula (V) that were synthesized by the reaction of dihydroartemisinin and various amines in the presence of acidic catalyst;

Haynes et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,452,915; 7,439,238; 6,984,640; Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Volume 43, Issue 11, pages 1381-1385, Mar. 5, 2004) report amine derivatives of formula (VI) possessing high antimalarial activity;

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Table 1. Antibacterial Activity of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives.

FIG. 1. Melanin Biosynthesis via Shikimate Pathway.

Table 2. Additional Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity.

Table 3. Enzyme Inhibition Test.

FIG. 2. Binding of Formula (XVII) with Metalloenzymes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention discloses certain derivatives of artemisinin and the active principles contained in Artemisia annua extracts with amino acids, peptides, and amino sugars, and isomers and salts thereof (formula VII: a, b, and c);

The present invention also discloses a method of topical or oral application of said derivatives. This method can include a base, a carrier, or a delivery system. This method provides the treatment of infections and topical ailments in mammals including acne, rosacea, topical wounds, infections, dandruff, skin disfigurements, age spots, wrinkles, excess facial oil, and darkened skin.

Artemisinin derivatives of the present invention have now been prepared by a novel method. A mixture of artemisinin, an amino acid, a peptide, or an amino sugar, and a liquid medium is heated with mixing.

The reaction of artemisinin with an amino acid, for example glycine, results in the formation of at least four possible isomers, the ratio of which is dependent on reaction conditions and structural or steric reasons [formula VIII; (a), (b), (c) and (d)];

-   (VIII a): {[(10E)-10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino]}acetic acid -   Abbreviated name: N-[(E)-10-Deoxyartemisinylidene]glycine -   (VIII b): {[(10Z)-10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino]}acetic acid -   Alternate name: N—[(Z)-10-Deoxyartemisinylidene]glycine -   (VIII c): Alternate name:     Spiro[10-deoxyartemisinyl]-[1,3-oxazolidin]-5′-one -   (VIII d): Alternate name: 11-(N-Carboxymethyl)-aza-artemisinin

When an amino acid or a carboxy-terminal peptide is used, this reaction is accelerated by the inclusion of a mono- or divalent metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal carbonate, or metal bicarbonate in equimolar amount, in which case the monovalent salt of said derivative is formed. For example, the reaction of artemisinin with carnosine, a dipeptide, in the presence of sodium bicarbonate proceeds to form either one or all three isomers (a, b, and c) of formula (IX);

-   (a) N-[(E)-10-Deoxyartemisinylidene]-carnosine -   (b) N—[(Z)-10-Deoxyartemisinylidene]-carnosine -   (c) 11-(N-Carnosinyl)-azaartemisinin

The reaction of an amide or ester derivative of an amino acid or a carboxy-terminal peptide, for example, the reaction of artemisinin with 2-hyrdoxyphenylglycine or its carboxy-terminal derivatives, results in the possible formation of at least seven position isomers (a, b, c, d, e, f, and g) of formula (X), and optical isomers thereof. When the amino acid or peptide contains a 2-hydroxyphenylglycine substituent, the hydrogen bonding provides additional structural stability, as shown in formula (X). Hydroxyphenylglycines have become of much interest due to their structural presence in many macrolide antibiotics and synthetic penicillins, for example vancomycin, helvecardin A, chloropolysporins, avoparcin, Ristomycic, and teicoplanin; 4-hydroxy- and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine are of special interest in that regard;

-   -   wherein,     -   R═OR¹, NR¹R²;     -   R¹, R²═H, alkyl, aryl.

The amino acids and peptides, and their derivatives such as amides and esters and optical isomers thereof suitable for reaction with artemisinin are of formula;

-   -   Wherein,     -   R═H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, heterocyclic-alkyl,         mercapto-alkyl, dithio-alkyl, carboxyalkyl, amidoalkyl, and         guanidinoalkyl;     -   R¹═OR², NR²R³, and peptide; and     -   R², R³═H, alkyl, aryl;

The examples include, among others, alanine, anthranilic acid, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, dopa (mucuna prurience extract), glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, 3-hydroxyphenylglycine, isoleusine, leusine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, phenylglycine, 4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 2-hydroxyphenylglycine, 2,4-dihydroxyphenylglycine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycine, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine, 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenylglycine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, selenocystein, pyrrolysine, mimosine, carnosine, carcinine, glutathione, dipeptide-2, tripeptide-3, tripeptide-1, tripeptide-5, pentapeptide-3, pentapeptide-4, tetrapeptide-7, hexapeptide-3, octapeptide-3, hexapeptide-10, antioxidant peptide a, antioxidant peptide b, cyclopeptide-2, cyclopeptide-3, cyclopeptide-4, cyclopeptide-5, and cyclopeptide-6.

The reaction of artemisinin with an amino sugar or an inorganic acid salt of said amino sugar, for example glucosamine hydrochloride, provides either one or all three isomers (a, b, and c) of formula (XI): an inorganic base is also included when inorganic acid salt of an amino sugar is used to neutralize said salt-forming acid;

-   (a) N-[(E)-10-Deoxyartemisinylidene]-glucosamine -   (b) N—[(Z)-10-Deoxyartemisinylidene]-glucosamine -   (c) 11-(N-Glucosamino)-azaartemisinin

The reaction of artemisinin with an amino sugar having a hydroxy substituent adjacent to nitrogen, the hydrogen bonding provides additional structural stability, as shown in formula (XII);

The amino sugars suitable for reaction with artemisinin include, among others, glucosamine, galactosamine (chondrosamine), ribamine, allosamine, altrosamine, gulosamine, idosamine, talosamine, ribosamine, arabinosamine, xylosamine, lyxosamine, fructosamine, neuraminic acid (sialic acid), mannosamine, and their optical isomers.

The reaction of a β-amino acid, such as anthranilic acid, with artemisinin provides hydrogen-bonded stable compounds (a, b, and c) of formula (XIII);

-   (a) N-[(E)-10-Deoxyartemisinylidene]-anthranilic acid -   (b) N—[(Z)-10-Deoxyartemisinylidene]-anthranilic acid -   (c) 11-(N-2-carboxyphenyl)-azaartemisinin

The reaction of artemisinin with a divalent or polyvalent metal salt of an amino acid or peptide leads to the formation of dimers and polymers, for example the reaction of artemisinin with zinc glycinate can produce dimeric isomers (a, b, and c) in formula (XIV). Other suitable metals for salt formation include Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Se;

In a comprehensive review, Bora et al. (Artemisia: A Comprehensive Review, Pharm Biol., 2010 Aug 3 issue) have revealed that the different species of Artemisia have a vast range of biological activities including antimalarial, cytotoxic, antihepatotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidant activity.

While the compounds of the present invention possess their own high biological activity, upon penetration into skin these compounds can undergo chemical reversion to release original agents, for example artemisinine and glycine from (a), (b), (c), and (d) in formula (XV);

The anti-protozoan and antifungal activity of artemisinin and its derivatives from the prior art is summarized in Table 1. The infections of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Cryptococcus neoformans, Leishmania, Anaerobic bacteria, Gonococci, Epilachna paenulata, Spodoptera eridania, Cryptococcus neoformans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Mycobacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. mutans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Roundworm, Pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Neospora caninum, Eimeria tenella, Propionibacterium acnes, Demodex folliculorum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Corynebacterium aquaticum, Corynebacterium flavescens, Corynebacterium callunae, Corynebacterium nephredi, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) globosa, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) restricta, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) furfur, Helicobacter pylori, canine infection, and others are treated by the compounds of the present invention.

Table 1.

It is both surprising and unexpected that compounds of the present invention cause an improvement of skin condition such as acne and rosacea, and dark spots and topical wounds. Although artemisinin has been disclosed to have antibacterial benefits, it is also well known that there are thousands of other antibacterial agents known to science all of which do not also cause a treatment or improvement of skin condition such as acne, or rosacea, or dark spots, or topical wounds. Thus, merely being an antibacterial agent does not cause an ingredient or composition to also cause a treatment or improvement of skin condition such as acne, rosacea, dark spots, or topical wounds.

Acne, Rosacea, and Facial Oil Control Benefits.

Acne is caused by a combination of several factors. In a previous disclosure (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/248,691; filed Feb. 10, 2003; now abandoned) the present inventor has discussed that acne is a group of diseases whose initial pathology is the comedo and includes acne vulgaris, neonatal acne, infantile acne, and pomade acne. There are approximately 45 million people who suffer from acne in America alone. The disease is so common in youth at their puberty that it often has been termed physiological. Although acne stops appearing for most people by the age of 25, some people, the majority of them are women, experience the disease well into their adult life. This “adult acne” differs from teenage acne in location and that it tends to be more inflammatory with fewer comedones. As the human concern for facial beauty continues to receive heightened marketing attention, the cure for various forms of acne has received much attention, as evidenced by the number of patents and patent applications that have appeared recently. The patent literature abounds with acne treatments. From January 2001 to January 2003 time period over 900 patent applications were published in U.S. patent applications computer database search that related to acne. From 1975 to January 2003, there were over 9000 patents issued by the U.S. Patents Office that had some reference to acne. From these data, it would become obvious that a suitable solution to this problem has eluded past efforts.

The disease of acne is characterized by a great variety of clinical lesions. Although one type of lesion may be predominant (typically the comedo), close observation usually reveals the presence of several types of lesions (comedones, pustules, papules, and/or nodules). The lesions can be either non-inflammatory or, more typically, inflammatory. In addition to lesions, patients may have, as the result of lesions, scars of varying size. The fully developed, open comedo (i.e., a plug of dried sebum in a skin pore) is not usually the site of inflammatory changes, unless the patient traumatizes it. The developing microcomedo and the closed comedo are the major sites for the development of inflammatory lesions. Because the skin is always trying to repair itself, sheaths of cells will grow out from the epidermis (forming appendageal structures) in an attempt to encapsulate the inflammatory reaction. This encapsulation is often incomplete and further rupture of the lesion typically occurs, leading to multi-channeled tracts as can be seen in many acne scars.

In general, there are four major principles presently governing the therapy of acne: (i) correction of the altered pattern of follicular keratinization; (ii) decrease sebaceous gland activity; (iii) decrease the follicular bacterial population (especially P. acnes) and inhibit the production of extra cellular inflammatory products through the inhibition of these microorganisms; and (iv) produce an anti-inflammatory effect. Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the sebaceous glands. Acne lesions primarily involve the sebaceous glands located on the face, neck, chest and back. Both closed comedones (blackheads) and open comedones (whiteheads) are caused by hyperkeratinization of the infundibulum of the sebaceous duct. These keratinous plugs block the flow of sebum. These dilated ducts abound with the colonies of Propionibacterium acnes and other fat splitting organisms. The clinically evident open and closed comedones and the microscopic microcomedo are the signal lesions of acne. The acne process results from a cascade of events. First, at puberty a spike in androgen production heralds an increase in sebum production and begins the hyperkeratinization process causing microcomedones and sebum blockade. With this blockage, the number of resident follicular flora increases dramatically. These bacteria produce inflammatory products, which permeate through thin walls of dilated sebum-filled duct. Once in the perifollicular dermis, they trigger the body's own immune defenses (both acute and granulaomatous) to produce the characteristic inflammatory papules, pustules and nodules characteristic of inflammatory acne. The term “acne” is used herein as a general term to include inflammatory diseases of the pilosebaceous unit. In the medical field, the specific type of acne is usually indicated by a modifying term, although the term acne is frequently used alone to designate common acne or acne vulgaris.

Thus, there are four factors that are believed to be the contributors of acne: (1) Increased sebum production; (2) Comedo formation, in which the follicular infundibulum hypercornifies, hyperkeratinizes, and hypodesquamates; (3) Colonization of the follicule by anaerobic Propionibacterium, mainly P. acnes; and (4) The host's inflammatory response. The above four factors are interrelated to each other. Sebum is comedogenic and causes inflammation by itself. Propionibacterium acnes is a relatively slow growing, (typically) obligate anaerobe gram-positive bacterium that is linked to the skin condition acne. An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen.

The Propionibacterium has high lipolytic activity and liberates free fatty acids from sebum lipids. The free fatty acids have been shown to cause marked inflammation. The microorganisms also produce other extracellular enzymes such as proteases and hyaluronidase, and chemotactic factors, which may be important in the inflammatory process. It would thus be advantageous to provide relief from all of the above four principal causes of acne.

Rosacea is a common facial dermatitis that currently affects an estimated 13 million Americans. It is a chronic and progressive cutaneous vascular disorder, primarily involving the malar and nasal areas of the face. Rosacea is characterized by flushing, erythema, papules, pustules, telangiectasia, facial edema, ocular lesions, and, in its most advanced and severe form, hyperplasia of tissue and sebaceous glands leading to rhinophyma. Rhinophyma, a florid overgrowth of the tip of the nose with hypervascularity and modularity, is an unusual progression of rosacea of unknown cause. Ocular lesions are common, including mild conjunctivitis, burning, and grittiness. Blepharitis, the most common ocular manifestation, is a nonulcerative condition of the lid margins. Rosacea most commonly occurs between the ages of 30 to 60, and may be seen in women experiencing hormonal changes associated with menopause. Women are more frequently affected than men; the most severe cases, however, are seen in men. Fair complexioned individuals of Northern European descent are most likely to be at risk for rosacea; most appear to be pre-disposed to flushing and blushing.

The cause of rosacea is poorly understood, numerous theories have been offered. Hypotheses have included gastrointestinal, psychological, infectious, climatic, and immunological causes, although scientific evidence has not substantiated any of these as primary. Controlled studies have not demonstrated consistent preponderance of gastrointestinal symptoms in rosacea patients. Similarly, neither a distinct psychological abnormality nor one pharmacological mechanism has been isolated in rosacea patients. Perhaps the most commonly touted of the etiologic theories is based on the presence of Demodex folliculorum mites in patients with rosacea; the organism feeds on sebum, and in some cases treatment of demodex infestation has noted improvement in the rosacea; however, in a review of 79 biopsies in 1969, Demodex folliculorum was noted in only 19% of the specimens. A bacterial cause for the disease has been hypothesized, but no consistent findings of one bacterium have been demonstrated. Climate, specifically exposure to extremes of sun and cold, may have an effect on the course of the disease, but the role of climate in what appears to be a connective tissue disorder is not clear. An autoimmune process has been suggested, and tissue-fixed immunoglobulins have been reported in patients with chronic inflammation of rosacea, but no other evidence has been found. Other experimental evidence has suggested this disease may represent a type of hypersensitivity reaction. No single hypothesis appears to adequately explain both the vascular changes and the inflammatory reaction seen in rosacea, leaving the pathogenesis unclear. More recently, certain investigators have suggested a connection between rosacea and H. pylori, bacteria shown to cause certain gastrointestinal ulcers, because symptoms seem to have abated in some ulcer patients also suffering rosacea. Nevertheless, the connection between H. pylori and rosacea has been questioned. H. Herr, J. Korean Med Sci Oct. 15, 2000; (5):551-4; R. Boni, Schweiz Med Wochenschr Sep. 16, 2000; 130(37): 1305-8).

Kang et al. (U.S. Patent Application 20020183399) have recently concluded that rosacea and acne have many common features in their onset and cure. The topical composition for treating rosacea, which comprises a combination of an antimicrobial and at least one of (a) an anti-inflammatory and (b) a non-retinoid inhibitor, are very similar for treating acne, according to Kang, for example. It would thus appear logical to develop broad-spectrum compositions that can treat both acne and rosacea, although such compositions are still unknown, until now.

Most acne treatments are directed at preventing inflammatory lesions, particularly the larger nodulo-cystic lesions that tend to be destructive and lead to permanent scarring. In general, visible comedones are the only minor cosmetic nuisances and do not lead to inflammatory lesions. Most acne treatment is directed to four areas: (1) Keratinous plugs in sebaceous ducts; (2) Large sebaceous glands producing excess sebum; (3) Increased numbers of resident follicular bacteria; and (4) Inflammatory response to chemical mediators passing through the follicular wall.

Topical products used to remove comedones are known as comedolytics, the most effective being tretinoin, marketed as a prescription product (Retin A) and by several generic companies. Tretinoin or all-trans retinoic acid is the naturally occurring metabolite of Vitamin A. Tretinoin increases epidermal cell turnover, thus causing comedolysis and most importantly prevents the formation of new keratinous plugs. Applications of tretinoin are normally once a day at bedtime. Dryness, stinging and redness sometimes accompany the applications. Importantly, improvement is usually not seen for 6-8 weeks. Adapalene 0.1% (Differin) is a topical retinoid like tretinoin. Available by prescription only, the gel is usually applied once nightly. Side effects include frequent scaling, burning, redness and dryness. Improvement is delayed and is not evident for 4-8 weeks. Sodium sulfacetamide 10%/sulfur 5% (Sulfacet-R) is also available by prescription only. It is a lotion with antibacterial and comedolytic action. As with tretinoin, improvement is seen in 4-8 weeks. Salicylic acid 2% is an over the counter product that exhibits mild comedolytic activity.

The only products that have anti-sebum activity are estrogens and 13 cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin) and these must be used systemically to be effective. Isotretinoin (Accutane) is a metabolite of Vitamin A available by prescription only. Isotretinoin is used to treat only severe cystic or conglobate acne. Because of its teratogenic properties, birth defects can occur. Isotretinoin is a powerful drug and can elevate triglycerides, total cholesterol and decrease high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Other side effects include dry skin, dry eyes, itching, headaches, nosebleed, and photosensitivity. It is generally taken for 4-5 months to see improvement. Recently, one brand of oral contraceptive has been approved for the treatment of acne for patients who request birth control.

A number of topical and systemic agents are used to lower the number of bacteria that colonize the follicular duct. These include benzoyl peroxide (BP), BP 5%/erythromycin 3% (Benzamycin). BP has antibacterial activity and drying effects and is available over the counter or by prescription. Moreover, it has been recently reported that benzoyl peroxide seems to induce free radical production that can produce skin changes that qualitatively resemble ultraviolet B damage, e.g., increases in epidermal thickness, and deleterious changes in elastin and glycosaminoglycans content (Ibbotson, S. H., et al., J. Inves. Derm., 1999, 112: 933-938). In addition, Benzoyl peroxide is highly reactive, and is thus difficult to stabilize in practical compositions. BP is applied once or twice daily for 1-2 months. BP can produce erythema and peeling of skin. BP is often tried first for both non-inflammatory and mild inflammatory acne. Other topical antibiotics include clindamycin and erythromycin. These are used as solutions, lotions or gels by prescription only. Usually they are applied once or twice daily and results are seen in 1-2 months. Azelaic acid 20% (Azelex) also has mild antibacterial effects. Systemic antibiotics include tetracycline and its analogs, which are used in low doses for years or until the end of the acne prone years. Most patients with mild inflammatory acne receive a combination of topical antibiotics and tretinoin or other retinoid. Bacterial resistance does occur so antibiotics may be changed or BP is substituted since resistance does not occur with BP. More severe acne requires systemic antibiotics and topical retinoid. The most severe must receive oral isotretinoin for 4-5 months.

There are no drugs that directly affect the inflammatory acne. The retinoids do have some anti-inflammatory properties, but these are poorly described. Topical steroid and even systemic steroids have been used to abort a severe flare of fulminant acne, but these are limited uses because of the side effects. Benzoyl peroxide gels are sometimes used as first aid on acne lesions. These function as a “drawing poultice”, but data supporting this use is not available.

The treatment for acne centers on opening the pore, killing P. acnes, reducing sebum production and regulating inflammatory responses. Retinoids are the agents to reduce sebum production and open the pore. As a topical agent, Differin (adapalene) or Retin-A (tretinoin) is used for mild and moderate acne. Isotretinoin, an oral drug, is very effective but reserved for the severe and resistant acne because of its teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity, elevating triglyceride level and other side effects.

For topical applications, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the following ingredients for marketing topical acne products in the USA (Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR333.310); (1) Resorcinol (2%, in combination only); (2) Resorcinol monoacetate (3%, in combination only); (3) Salicylic acid 0.5 to 2 percent, and (4) Sulfur 3 to 10 percent.

Salicylic acid has been used to treat acne for some time. Salicylic acid dries the skin, which helps in acne management, but it also causes skin irritation in perilesional skin areas of acne patients, especially patients with sensitive skin, and in some cases the erythema is extreme. Salicylic acid is also pH-sensitive, as in neutralized forms, such as sodium salicylate or triethanolamine salicylate; there is a loss of efficacy due to poor bioavailability. In free acid form, salicylic acid is absorbed rapidly and transported into bloodstream. This is the reason for its irritation-causing problems. It would thus be advantageous if salicylic acid can be provided in a form that is slow to absorb into deeper layers of skin for its maximum topical bioavailability and anti-acne efficacy.

Topical and oral antibiotics, especially tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin, are sometimes prescribed for patients with inflammatory papules and pustules. However, in addition to the undesirability of antibiotic overuse in general, which can lead to enhance susceptibility to infection, disadvantages to such treatments include phototoxicity and interactions with other medications.

Other factors that play a role in exacerbating acne, including oil-based cosmetics and some drugs (e.g., androgenic hormones, high-progestin birth control pills, systemic corticosteroids, and iodide- and bromide-containing agents) are often minimized during acne treatment. Besides the side effects of the antimicrobial agents, development of resistant microorganisms has become an important issue nowadays. The number of patients harboring resistant P. acnes has been shown to be growing. For this reason, it would be advantageous to exclude antibiotics and antibacterial agents from topical preparations for acne.

For efficacious topical treatments, it would thus be advantageous to include the following six-prong provisions to control fundamental elements that can provide control of both acne and rosacea in a single composition: (1) Control of excess sebum production; (2) Control of undesirable bacteria and mites; (3) Control of inflammation; (4) Enhanced desquamation of follicular infundibulum cells; (5) Reduction of irritation from anti-acne and anti-rosacea compositions themselves; and (6) An enhancement of the topical bioavailability of anti-acne and anti-rosacea compositions.

Since the resistance to bacteria is becoming a problem, it would be advantageous to control bacteria without using an antibacterial agent. Also, salicylic acid is being one of the most favored and inexpensive ingredients to control acne, albeit its irritation causing side effects, it would be advantageous to devise methodologies to increase both topical bioavailability and anti-acne efficacy of salicylic acid with a reduction in its irritation causing side effects.

The prior art literature abounds with acne and rosacea treatments. From January 2001 to January 2003 time period over 900 patent applications were listed in U.S. patent applications computer database search that related to acne. From 1975 to January 2003, there were over 9000 patents issued by the U.S. Patents Office that had some reference to acne. In the same period, there were over 400 patents that had a reference to rosacea. It may also be appreciated that the study and treatment of rosacea has been a long-time concern of the medical community. For example, about 1,000 medical papers have been published on this subject. From these data, it would become obvious that a suitable solution to acne and rosacea problems has not yet been found. A discussion of the patents and patent applications most pertinent to the present invention follows. U.S. Patent Application 20030021855 (Perricone) discloses acne prevention by the topical application of compositions containing an alkanolamine such as dimethylaminoethanol, in combination with tyrosine and a sulfur ingredient such as lipoic acid or glutathione. Such alkanolamines have strong amine odor that is objectionable to consumers for application on face. Moreover, several such alkanolamines have a high pH that can cause irritation. U.S. Patent Application 20030021816 (Kang) discloses an immunosuppressant compound, a second active ingredient selected from the group consisting of comedolytics, antibacterials, anti-inflammatory, retinoids, glucocorticoids, and mixtures thereof, and a dermatologically acceptable carrier for acne treatment. Such immunosuppresants are not readily available for common use. U.S. Patent Application 20020192298 (Burrell) relates to the use of antimicrobial metals, preferably silver for the treatment of acne. It is preferred that the use of any antimicrobial agents for acne treatment be minimized or eliminated due to development of resistant bacteria. U.S. Patent Application 20020172672 (Sieberg) is directed to the use of serine proteases, either alone or in combination with a retinoid compound in a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition for acne treatment. Such enzyme preparations can cause serious skin allergy in some humans. U.S. Patent Application 20020155180 (Goodman) discloses treatment of acne that comprises topically applying an effective amount of a saw palmetto berry extract and one or more constituents that enhance penetration of the extract into hair follicle sebaceous glands. This disclosure is specific to one ingredient, hence of limited application. U.S. Patent Application 20020151527 (Wiegand) discloses a method for reducing the number and severity of acne lesions comprising administering a sensory regimen to down regulate the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, in combination with the administration of a topical anti-acne composition comprising an anti-acne agent selected from salicylic acid, sulfur, lactic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, urea, resorcinol, N-acetylcysteine, retinoic acid, benzoyl peroxide, octopirox, triclosan, azelaic acid, phenoxyethanol, phenoxypropanol, flavinoids, derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof. The problems of salicylic acid irritation and low topical bioavailability and the use of antibacterials are still not eliminated by Wiegand. U.S. Patent Application 20010056071 (Pelicchia) discloses the application of antioxidant resveratrol for acne treatment. U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,773 (Oester et al.) discloses a combination of chitosan with azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, retinoic acid, salicylic acid, or mixtures thereof, for the treatment of acne. Chitosan is used as a film-forming agent for topical application of other active ingredients for better adhesion to skin surface. While topical bioavailability is enhanced, the skin irritation and other problems of salicylic acid and azelaic acid use are not reduced. U.S. Pat. No. 6,440,994 (Sanders) discloses acne treatment using a mixture of antihistamines and anti-inflammatory agents. This does not provide a multifaceted treatment objective. U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,417 (Singh) discloses solubilized forms of salicylic acid for acne treatment. Such solubilized forms absorb more quickly, reaching bloodstream at a faster rate. Both the topical anti-acne efficacy may be lower and skin irritation may be higher for such compositions. U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,024 (Popp et al.) discloses topical anti-acne compositions based on benzoyl peroxide, an alpha hydroxy acid, a moisturizer, an isosorbide and a detergent. These compositions contain several skin irritating ingredients. U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,623 (Perricone) discloses one preferred embodiment that contains a combination of lipoic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid, and dimethylaminoalcohol. Lipoic acid is also claimed to cure rosacea (U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,432; Perricone). U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,117 (Sefton) discloses acne treatment based on a combination of benzoyl peroxide and azelaic acid. The poor stability of benzoyl peroxide and the skin irritation of either benzoyl peroxide or azelaic acid are still unsolved in Sefton disclosure. U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,798 (O'Halloran et al.) discloses an alcoholic solution of salicylic acid and salicylates for acne treatment. The rapid absorption of such clear solutions into skin would reduce the topical bioavailability of the active ingredients in such compositions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,523 (Fitzjarrell et al.) discloses a topical spray comprising niacinamide, Aloe Vera extract and NaPCA in a water carrier base. U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,312 (Fried) discloses an anti-acne composition comprising benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and a vasoconstrictor in an inert carrier. Benzoyl peroxide has been suggested for treating acne vulgaris. (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,107.) For many years, benzoyl peroxide has been proven to be a particularly powerful keratolytic and anti-seborrhic agent, as well as being endowed with antibacterial properties. Topical benzoyl peroxide compositions, including a vehicle to enhance the efficacy thereof, are known (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,893). Topical compositions of benzoyl peroxide combination with antibiotics are also known. (See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,407,794; 4,692,329 and 4,387,107). The problems of skin irritation from benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid, and the chemical instability and reactivity of benzoyl peroxide are still not solved; complex, dual-chamber delivery systems (such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,462,025; Vishnupad and U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,233; LaFevre et al.) have been disclosed.

Rosacea is, while rare among colored races, common among races with a light-colored skin, especially among white races, and many cases occur among them. It is divided according to the symptoms into the first degree (telangiectatic rosacea on the forehead, cheeks, dorsum nasi), the second degree (acne rosacea, coexistence of follicular papules and pustules), and the third degree (rhinophyma, dark red tumor and dilated pore on apex nasi). It starts with facial flush (redness) and eventually involves serious impairment of appearance, developing papules, pustules, rhinophyma and tumor on apex nasi, it is also accompanied by seborrhea or enhancement of feeling of heat on the face due to emotional stress or change of environmental temperature. Thus, these symptoms give a patient mental and physical suffering. For the time being, the real cause of rosacea is unknown (Hifuka Chirya Handbook, pp. 380-381, Nanzando (1987) and Gerd Plewing, Albert M. Kligman, ACNE and ROSACEA, 2nd, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition, pp. 431-454, Springer-Verlag (1993)). Rosacea is apt to be confused with acne. Rosacea, which can coexist with acne, essentially differs from acne. It is characterized by facial flush due to vascularization and proceeds with acne rosacea and tumor on apex nasi. The etiology of rosacea is not fully known, however, at least four factors or co-factors have been suggested. The first of these is endocrine in that the disease occurs most frequently in women between the ages of thirty and fifty. As such, one definite type of rosacea is believed to have a hormonal basis. A second factor is vasomotor liability, believed to have some connection with menopause, which brings about an impairment of normal or consistent flow of blood to the face and its capillaries. Therein, excessive flow of blood to the face, i.e., the well-known “hot flashes” of menopause, is believed to constitute a factor in the disease and its pathogenesis. More particularly, it has been proven that increased skin temperature, as occurs in facial flushing, increases susceptibility to the condition. Rosacea has also been observed as a side effect or immune response to the use of certain cortisone products, which can bring about a severe form of the condition. Finally, pathology analysis of the expressed contents of inflamed pustule follicle of the nose in acute rosacea has demonstrated the existence of demodices, which is a signature of the ectoparasite demodex folliculorum. Accordingly, in such cases, a specific external pathogenic factor is evident. This factor is not present in other forms of acne, e.g., acne vulgaris.

However, the information available so far does establish that both acne and rosacea are interrelated, and hence a common treatment for both would be highly desirable.

Relative to rosacea treatment compositions, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,352,724 and 5,654,013 (Taylor et al.) discloses rubbing common salt (Sodium chloride). Sodium chloride is the subject of additional disclosures for the treatment of both acne and rosacea (U.S. Pat. No. 4,443,442 to Skillern; U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,522 to Kligman). However, such treatments only work by a single biochemical mechanism, that of abrasion and debridement of the affected skin. Also, once the debridement is completed, the affected skin will feel pain, since it will be equivalent to “adding salt to injury”. U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,534 (Richard et al.) provides a composition that contains long chain fatty acids for rosacea treatment. Although such composition may be suitable for rosacea, such fatty acids may actually exacerbate acne due to excess sebum-like activity from such fatty acids. U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,806 (Hittel) discloses certain synthetic organic molecules for rosacea treatment that are not commonly available, or available by prescription only in certain countries. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,310 (Parks) and 5,952,372 (McDaniel) disclose the application of Invermectin in the treatment of rosacea. This ingredient has also been used frequently for the treatment of acne. Invermectin, however, provides relief by a single biochemical mechanism, not a six-prong approach. Moreover, Invermectin is not commonly available. U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,993 (Ptchelintsev) discloses the application of certain antioxidants for the treatment of rosacea. This treatment is thus based only on a single approach of anti-inflammatory action of such antioxidants. U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,790 (Sellers) discloses the application of aluminum salts for acne and rosacea treatment. Such aluminum salts only block the exudation of sebum and provide relief probably by astringent action. Their long-term use can actually cause additional inflammatory response. U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,595 (Corey) discloses esters of retinal for acne and rosacea treatment. U.S. Patent Application 20020013361 (Perricone) claims the use of lipoic acid. Since lipoic acid is an antioxidant, it probably works by anti-inflammatory biochemical mechanism, thus constituting just one-prong treatment. U.S. patent applications 20020172719, 20020054918, and 20020041901 (Murad) disclose pharmaceutical composition and methods for the cleansing of skin to facilitate the prevention, treatment, and management of skin conditions that include rosacea and acne by a composition that includes a hydroxy acid or tannic acid to exfoliate a portion of the skin, stabilized hydrogen peroxide to facilitate cleansing of the skin, and an antimicrobial agent to inhibit or reduce microorganisms on the skin. Since the overuse of antimicrobial agents can cause further problems, as mentioned earlier, Murad inventions are thus of limited application, or even to be possibly avoided for any long-term rosacea and acne treatment regimen.

It is thus both surprising and unexpected that the compositions of the present invention relieve the symptoms of acne and also rosacea. The exact mechanism of this action is not well understood at this time. However, this does not reduce the significance or utility of the present invention for consumer applications.

Thornfeldt (U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,676) disclosed topical application of artemisinin for the treatment of viral tumors/diseases, hemorrhoids, and bullous skin diseases.

Mazzio et al (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 2004185123) disclose a topical herbal formulation for preventing and/or treating dyshidrosis (pompholyx), non-responsive to topical steroids. The formulation may also be used to treat contact dermatitis, eczema, palmoplantar pustulosis and skin infections incurred by invasive pathogens such as mold, fungus and bacteria. The formulation is comprised of plant extracts and niacin, that when combined yield an effective multi-faceted pharmaceutical approach to treating dry skin disorders. The active ingredients within the formula include a combination of dry, aqueous, acid and alcohol extracts of black walnut hull (Ouglans Nigra), wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium), tumeric rhizome (Curcuma Longa), garlic (Allium sativum), chamomile (Matricaria Chamomile), licorice root (Glycyrrhiza Glabra), St. Johns wort (Hypericum perforatum), aloe vera, niacin and herbal anti-bacterial agents. These authors do not disclose anti-acne or anti-rosaces properties of Artemisia, either alone or in combination with other agents.

The present inventor hypothesizes possible mechanism(s) for anti-acne activity of the present invention. Acne is caused, among other factors, by Propionibacterium acnes. Most bacteria are greatly dependent on iron (in Fe3+state) for their metabolic activity. This Fe demand is greater that Fe requirements of normal human cells. The bacterial iron transport has been extensively studies in the prior art, for example Nielands et al. [Adv. Inotg. Biochem., 5, 137 (1983); Struct. Bonding (Berlin), 58, 1 (1984)]. The agents responsible for iron transport into and within bacteria have been extensively studied, and many structural and chemical details have been firmly established. The problem is that iron is not spontaneously available to oxic (aerobic) organisms in an aqueous environment because of the very low solubility of ferric hydroxide (pK about 38). Thus Fe3+ions at a pH of about 7 have a molar concentration of only about 10(−18), and simple diffusion into cells could never suffice to supply their needs. Indeed, simple inward diffusion would not occur, since iron is already more concentrated than this in the living cell. Therefore special chelating agents called “siderophores” are produced by bacteria and ejected into their environment to gather iron and transport it through the cell wall into the cell. In some cases it appears that the chelator at the cell wall releases iron and it passes through alone, whereas in others the entire complex enters the cell.

The siderophores are rather diverse chemically but have in common the use of chelating, oxygen-donor type ligands. A very large number of siderophores that have been characterized employ hydroxamate moieties, —CO—N—O(—), as the ligands. The structure of a siderophore, called a “ferrichrome” consists of a cyclic hexapeptide in which three successive amino acid residues have side chains ending in hydroxamate groups.

Another type of siderophore, especially common in prokaryotes such as enteric bacteria is called an “enterobactin”; the ligating units are catecholate anions that also chelate very effectively [Raymond et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 107, 6920 (1985)].

Iron-Sulfur proteins are relatively low molecular weight compounds consisting of peptide chains bound though cysteine sulfur atoms to redox centers that consist either of one iron atom or a cluster of iron and sulfur atoms, the latter often being called “inorganic” sulfur atoms to distinguish them from the sulfur atoms of the cysteine residues. The term “rubredoxin” is used for those with one iron atom, while those containing clusters are called “ferredoxins”.

Rubredoxins are found in anoxic (anaerobic) bacteria where they are believed to participate in biological redox reactions. They are relatively low molecular weight proteins (about 6000 amu) containing only one iron atom. In the best-characterized rubredoxin, from the bacterium Clostridium pasturianum, the iron atom, which is normally in the III oxidation state, is surrounded by a distorted tetrahedron of cysteinyl sulfur atoms. The Fe—S distances range from 2.24 to 2.33 Angstroms (A), and the S—Fe—S angles from 104 to 114 degrees. When the Fe (III) is reduced to Fe (II) there is a slight (0.05 A) increase in the Fe—S distances. However, Mossbauer spectroscopy shows that Fe is actually present both in (III) and (II) oxidation states. Ferredoxins are also relatively small proteins (about 6000-12000 amu) in which the redox centers, clusters of two, three, or four iron atoms, each with an equal number of sulfur atoms are held in place by bonds from cysteine sulfur atoms to iron.

From the above discussion it can be seen that a distortion of rubredoxin, ferredoxin, ferrichrome siderophore, and enterobactin siderophore can cause a disruption of bacterial metabolism. Thus, the bacteria may not be killed via the antibacterial action, but their multiplication by cell division may be hampered for their further growth.

In an unexpected and surprising discovery it has now been found that the compositions of the present invention bind with rubredoxin moiety of Prionionibacterium acnes. When this bound form of rubredoxin enters the acne bacterium the cellular redox functions are inhibited. This causes the acne bacterium to cease its metabolic activity. However, this is only one mechanism for anti acne activity of the present invention. There are several other possible modes of anti-acne action, as mentioned above, which are yet unknown for the benefits rendered by the present invention. As stated before, this should not preclude the utility of this invention.

Control of Dark Spots. Inhibition of phenylalanine hydroxylase and Phenylalanine Transaminase.

The biosynthetic pathways from shikimic acid leading to the formation of melanin are summarized in FIG. 1 that will be used as a reference for subsequent discussions.

FIG. 1.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase is responsible for the first step in the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine. Tyrosine is required for the production of melanin, which gives color to hair and skin. Phenylalanine hydroxylase must work in combination with tetrahydrobiopterin to perform this function. Phenylalanine hydroxylase contains iron in its active site, and tetrahydrobiopterin is required in proximity to this active site.

It is both surprising and unexpected that compositions of the present invention inhibit phenylalanine hydroxylase. Although the mechanism of this inhibition is not fully clear at this time, it is theorized that the binding of iron metal at the active site of Phenylalanine hydroxylase (Reaction Step 8, FIG. 6) and/or binding with Fe at tetrahydrobiopterin could be the cause for this effect.

Control of Dark Spots. Inhibition of tyrosine transaminase and Monophenol Monooxygenase (Tyrosinase).

Tyrosinase [EC:1.14.18.1] is a complex group of copper monooxygenases that catalyses the hydroxylation of monophenols and the oxidation of ortho-diphenols to ortho-quinones. This enzyme, found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is involved in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Tyrosinase binds two copper ions (CuA and CuB). It has been shown that three conserved histidine residues bind each of the two copper ions. The regions around these copper-binding ligands are well conserved and also shared by some hemocyanins, which are copper-containing oxygen carriers from the hemolymph of many mollusks and arthropods. At least two proteins related to tyrosinase are known to exist in mammals, and include TRP-1, which is responsible for the conversion of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) to indole-5,6-quinone-2-carboxylic acid; and TRP-2, which is the melanogenic enzyme DOPAchrome tautomerase [EC:5.3.3.12] that catalyzes the conversion of DOPAchrome to DHICA. TRP-2 differs from tyrosinases and TRP-1 in that it binds two zinc ions instead of copper.

The inhibition of melanin synthesis can thus be achieved via several pathways, including the inhibition of tyrosine transaminase (inhibition of amination of hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate or phenyl Pyruvate (Step [7] and/or [4], FIG. 1), which leads to eventual inhibition of tyrosine biosynthesis. The melanin synthesis can also be blocked by the inhibition of monophenyl monooxygenase (EC 1.14.18.1), which converts tyrosine into dopaquinone via the intermediacy of dopa. In a surprising and unexpected discovery, the compositions of the present invention inhibit both tyrosine transaminase and monophenyl monooxygenase. The precise mechanism of this inhibition is not known at this time, but it is hypothesized that the compositions of the present invention bind with Fe in the active-site of monophenyl monooxygenase. Regardless of the actual biochemical mechanism the importance of this invention remains unexpected and novel.

Skin Brightening and Antiwrinkle-Antiaging Applications.

The compositions of the present invention provide an unexpected inhibition of MMP, tyrosinase, and tyrosine biosynthesis enzymes. The down-regulation of MMP leads to reduced degradation of connective issue such as collagen and fibrin. This results in increased suppleness of skin, leading to reduced visible skin wrinkles from aging. The decreased biosynthesis of tyrosine and dopa, and inhibition of Tyrosinase and tyrosine precursor enzymes leads to skin brightening effects, all of which are both surprising and unexpected when taken as a group of such desirable benefits. In normal practice, such group of desirable benefits is usually achievable only from a combination of several ingredients. The compounds providing good skin brightening are of formula (XVI), their isomers and salts thereof;

Wound Healing Applications.

The compositions of the present invention provide an unexpected wound healing benefit with little scar tissue formation or skin pigment discoloration.

The entire wound healing process is a complex series of events that begins at the moment of injury and can continue for months to years. This overview will help in identifying the various stages of wound healing. [0086] I. Inflammatory Phase. A) Immediate to 2-5 days; B) Hemostasis, (i) Vasoconstriction, (ii) Platelet aggregation, and (iii) Thromboplastin makes clot; C) Inflammation, (i) Vasodilation, (ii) Phagocytosis. [0087] II. Proliferative Phase. A) 2 days to 3 weeks; B) Granulation, (i) Fibroblasts lay bed of collagen, (ii) Fills defect and produces new capillaries; C) Contraction, [0088] (i) Wound edges pull together to reduce defect; D) Epithelialization, (i) Crosses moist surface, (ii) Cell travel about 3 cm from point of origin in all directions. [0089] III. Remodeling Phase. A) 3 weeks to 2 years; B) New collagen forms which increases tensile strength to wounds; C) Scar tissue is only 80 percent as strong as original tissue.

Wound healing, or wound repair, is the body's natural process of regenerating dermal and epidermal tissue. When an individual is wounded, a set of events takes place in a predictable fashion to repair the damage. These events overlap in time and must be artificially categorized into separate steps: the inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation phases. In the inflammatory phase, bacteria and debris are phagocytized and removed and factors are released that cause the migration and division of cells involved in the proliferative phase. The proliferative phase is characterized by angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction. In angiogenesis, new blood vessels grow from endothelial cells. In fibroplasia and granulation tissue formation, fibroblasts grow and form a new, provisional extracellular matrix (ECM) by excreting collagen and fibronectin. In epithelialization, epithelial cells crawl across the wound bed to cover it. In contraction, the wound is made smaller by the action of myofibroblasts, which establish a grip on the wound edges and contract themselves using a mechanism similar to that in smooth muscle cells. When the cells' roles are close to complete, unneeded cells undergo apoptosis. In the maturation and remodeling phase, collagen is remodeled and realigned along tension lines and cells that are no longer needed are removed by apoptosis.

In the inflammatory phase, clotting takes place in order to obtain hemostasis, or stop blood loss, and various factors are released to attract cells that phagocytize debris, bacteria, and damaged tissue and release factors that initiate the proliferative phase of wound healing. When tissue is first wounded, blood comes in contact with collagen, triggering blood platelets to begin secreting inflammatory factors. Platelets also express glycoproteins on their cell membranes that allow them to stick to one another and to aggregate, forming a mass. Fibrin and fibronectin cross-link together and form a plug that traps proteins and particles and prevents further blood loss. This fibrin-fibronectin plug is also the main structural support for the wound until collagen is deposited. Migratory cells use this plug as a matrix to crawl across, and platelets adhere to it and secrete factors. The clot is eventually lysed and replaced with granulation tissue and then later with collagen. Platelets, the cells present in the highest numbers shortly after wounding, release a number of factors into the blood, including ECM proteins and cytokines, including growth factors. Growth factors stimulate cells to speed their rate of division. Platelets also release other proinflammatory factors like serotonin, brakykinin, prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane, and histamine, which serve a number of purposes, including to increase cell proliferation and migration to the area and to cause blood vessels to become dilated and porous.

Contrary to common belief, the use of any anti-inflammatory agents during the early stages of would-healing process is not desirable. On the same note, the over-expression of MMP-13 should be controlled from the onset of wound healing process to avoid apoptosis of newly formed connective tissue. Both connective tissue forming agents and anti-inflammatory agents are beneficial during the later stages of wound healing.

The exact mechanism of topical wound healing by the compositions of the present invention is believed to be due to the inhibition of Heme Oxidase, the exact nature if which is not yet known. However, this should not preclude the practical utility of the present invention in topical wound healing applications.

Treatment of Dandruff.

Recently, identification of Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum, is a genus of related fungi, classified as yeasts; naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals including humans) has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA based techniques. These investigations show that the Malassezia species causing most skin disease in humans, including the most common cause of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis, is M. globosa (though M. restricta is also involved). The skin rash of tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is also due to infection by this fungus. So far, 10 species of Malassezia have been identified: M. furfur, M. pachydermatis, M. globosa, M. restricta, M. slooffiae, M. sympodialis, M. nana, M. yamatoensis, M. dermatis, and M. obtuse.

As the fungus requires fat to grow, it is most common in areas with many sebaceous glands: on the scalp, face, and upper part of the body. When the fungus grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed and dandruff appears with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria). The number of specimens of M. globosa on a human head can be up to ten million.

The compounds of the present invention have shown high activity against dandruff and seborrhea causing organisms. This is included in Table 2.

The present invention discloses a composition comprising a sesquiterpene endoperoxide for skin condition improvement.

The present invention also discloses a method of topical application for skin condition improvement comprising a sesquiterpene endoperoxide composition, and subsequent complexation of said sesquiterpene endoperoxide with an iron siderophore released by an organism on skin surface to form a “Trojan Horse” complex, and wherein said “Trojan Horse” complex further enters the cell of said iron siderophore releasing organism and binds with the protein of said organism, and wherein said binding deactivates the skin condition causing effects of said organism.

In the present invention, sesquiterpene endoperoxide is selected from the group consisting of amino acid, peptide, and amino sugar derivatives of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artemether, arteether, arteflene, artesunate, dihydroxydihydroartemisinin, artelinic acid, artemisinone, dihydroartemisinin propyl carbonate, sesquiterpene endo-peroxide lactones and alcohols, carbonates, esters, ethers sulfonates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, trioxolanes, bycyclo endoperoxides, trioxanes, tetraoxanes, terpenes, and substituted terpenes. The sesquiterpene endoperoxide of choice comprises of artemisinin, or Artemisia annua extract.

The exact amount of each ingredient, or combinations thereof, to be used for various applications disclosed in the present invention is determined separately for each such application. In general, the amounts can vary from about 0.0001 percent by weight to about 50 percent by weight.

For the treatment of topical wounds, the inclusion of a Matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitor is additionally beneficial. The said MMP can be selected, among others, from those disclosed by the present inventor in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/711,775, filed Oct. 4, 2004.

The compositions of the present invention can further include additional pharmaceutical or cosmetic active agent selected from a group of anti-acne agents comprising of salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, resorcinol, resorcinol monoacetate, sulfur, and combinations thereof.

The compositions of the present invention can further include additional pharmaceutical or cosmetic active agent for topical wound therapy, which can be selected, among others, from zinc ascorbate, copper Hyaluronate, zinc Hyaluronate, manganese Hyaluronate, copper Glucosamine complex, zinc Glucosamine complex, manganese Glucosamine complex, copper chondroitin, zinc chondroitin, manganese chondroitin, copper chondrosine, zinc chondrosine, manganese chondrosine, copper oleoresin complex, zinc aloeresin complex, manganese aloeresin complex, copper aloe emodin, zinc aloe emodin, and manganese aloe emodin.

The compositions of the present invention can be formulated in various cosmetic and pharmaceutical consumer products utilizing a variety of delivery systems and carrier bases. Such consumer product forms include the group consisting of shampoos, aftershaves, sunscreens, body and hand lotions, skin creams, liquid soaps, bar soaps, bath oil bars, shaving creams, conditioners, permanent waves, hair relaxers, hair bleaches, hair detangling lotion, styling gel, styling glazes, spray foams, styling creams, styling waxes, styling lotions, mousses, spray gels, pomades, shower gels, bubble baths, hair coloring preparations, conditioners, hair lighteners, coloring and non-coloring hair rinses, hair grooming aids, hair tonics, spritzes, styling waxes, band-aids, and balms.

In another preferred aspect, the delivery system or a carrier base are selected in the form of a lotion, cream, gel, spray, thin liquid, body splash, powder, compressed powder, tooth paste, tooth powder, mouth spray, paste dentifrice, clear gel dentifrice, mask, serum, solid cosmetic stick, lip balm, shampoo, liquid soap, bar soap, bath oil, paste, salve, collodion, impregnated patch, impregnated strip, skin surface implant, impregnated or coated diaper, and similar delivery or packaging form.

In another preferred aspect, the delivery system can be human body or hair deodorizing solution, deodorizing powder, deodorizing gel, deodorizing spray, deodorizing stick, deodorizing roll-on, deodorizing paste, deodorizing cream, deodorizing lotion, deodorizing aerosol, and other commonly marketed human body and hair deodorizing compositions, household deodorizing solution, deodorizing powder, deodorizing gel, deodorizing spray, carpet deodorizer, room deodorizer, and other commonly marketed household deodorizing compositions, animals and pets deodorizing solution, deodorizing powder, deodorizing gel, deodorizing spray, animals and pets carpet deodorizer, animals and pets room deodorizer, and other commonly marketed animal and pet deodorizing compositions.

In another preferred aspect, the delivery system can be traditional water and oil emulsions, suspensions, colloids, microemulsions, clear solutions, suspensions of nanoparticles, emulsions of nanoparticles, or anhydrous compositions.

Additional cosmetically or pharmaceutically beneficial ingredients can also be included in the formulated compositions of the present invention, which can be selected from, but not limited to skin cleansers, cationic, anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and zwitterionic surfactants, skin and hair conditioning agents, vitamins, hormones, minerals, plant extracts, anti-inflammatory agents, collagen and elastin synthesis boosters, UVA/UVB sunscreens, concentrates of plant extracts, emollients, moisturizers, skin protectants, humectants, silicones, skin soothing ingredients, antimicrobial agents, antifungal agents, treatment of skin infections and lesions, blood microcirculation improvement, skin redness reduction benefits, additional moisture absorbents, analgesics, skin penetration enhancers, solubilizers, moisturizers, emollients, anesthetics, colorants, perfumes, preservatives, seeds, broken seed nut shells, silica, clays, beads, luffa particles, polyethylene balls, mica, pH adjusters, processing aids, and combinations thereof.

In another preferred aspect, the cosmetically acceptable composition further comprises one or more excipient selected from the group consisting of water, saccharides, surface active agents, humectants, petrolatum, mineral oil, fatty alcohols, fatty ester emollients, waxes and silicone-containing waxes, silicone oil, silicone fluid, silicone surfactants, volatile hydrocarbon oils, quaternary nitrogen compounds, amine functionalized silicones, conditioning polymers, rheology modifiers, antioxidants, sunscreen active agents, di-long chain amines from about C.sub.10 to C.sub.22, long chain fatty amines from about C.sub.10 to C.sub.22, fatty alcohols, ethoxylated fatty alcohols and di-tail phospholipids.

Representative saccharides include nonionic or cationic saccharides such as agarose, amylopectins, amylases, arabinans, arabinogalactans, arabinoxylans, carrageenans, gum arabic, carboxymethyl guar gum, carboxymethyl (hydroxypropyl) guar gum, hydroxyethyl guar gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, cationic guar gum, cellulose ethers including methyl cellulose, chondroitin, chitins, chitosan, chitosan pyrrolidone carboxylate, chitosan glycolate chitosan lactate, cocodimonium hydroxypropyl oxyethyl cellulose, colominic acid ([poly-N acetyl-neuraminic acid]), corn starch, curdlan, dermatin sulfate, dextrans, furcellarans, dextrans, cross-linked dextrans, dextrin, emulsion, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, flaxseed saccharide (acidic), galactoglucomannans, galactomannans, glucomannans, glycogens, guar gum, hydroxy ethyl starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxypropylated guar gums, gellan gum, gellan, gum ghatti, gum karaya, gum tragancanth (tragacanthin), heparin, hyaluronic acid, inulin, keratin sulfate, konjac mannan, modified starches, laminarans, laurdimonium hydroxypropyl oxyethyl cellulose, okra gum, oxidized starch, pectic acids, pectin, polydextrose, polyquaternium-4, polyquaternium-10, polyquaternium-28, potato starch, protopectins, psyllium seed gum, pullulan, sodium hyaluronate, starch diethylaminoethyl ether, steardimonium hydroxyethyl cellulose, raffinose, rhamsan, tapioca starch, whelan, levan, scleroglucan, sodium alginate, stachylose, succinoglycan, wheat starch, xanthan gum, xylans, xyloglucans, and mixtures thereof. Microbial saccharides can be found in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, Vol. 16, John Wiley and Sons, NY pp. 578-611 (1994), which is incorporated entirely by reference. Complex carbohydrates found in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, Vol. 4, John Wiley and Sons, NY pp. 930-948, 1995 which is herein incorporated by reference.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may include surface-active agents. Surface-active agents include surfactants, which typically provide detersive functionality to a formulation or act simply as wetting agents. Surface-active agents can generally be categorized as anionic surface-active agents, cationic surface-active agents, nonionic surface-active agents, amphoteric surface-active agents and zwitterionic surface-active agents, and dispersion polymers.

Anionic surface-active agents useful herein include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,709, incorporated herein by reference. Examples include alkyl and alkyl ether sulfates. Specific examples of alkyl ether sulfates which may be used In this invention are sodium and ammonium salts of lauryl sulfate, lauryl ether sulfate, coconut alkyl triethylene glycol ether sulfate; tallow alkyl triethylene glycol ether sulfate, and tallow alkyl hexaoxyethylene sulfate. Highly preferred alkyl ether sulfates are those comprising a mixture of individual compounds, said mixture having an average alkyl chain length of from about 12 to about 16 carbon atoms and an average degree of ethoxylation of from about 1 to about 6 moles of ethylene oxide.

Another suitable class of anionic surface-active agents is the alkyl sulfuric acid salts. Important examples are the salts of an organic sulfuric acid reaction product of a hydrocarbon of the methane series, including iso-, neo-, and n-paraffins, having about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms and a sulfonating agent, for example, sulfur trioxide or oleum, obtained according to known sulfonation methods, including bleaching and hydrolysis. Preferred are alkali metals and ammonium sulfated C.sub.12-38 n-paraffins.

Additional synthetic anionic surface-active agents include the olefin sulfonates, the beta-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates, and the reaction products of fatty acids esterified with isethionic acid and neutralized with sodium hydroxide, as well as succinamates. Specific examples of succinamates include disodium N-octadecyl sulfosuccinamate; tetrasodium N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-N-octadecylsulfosuccinamate; diamyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid; dihexyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid; dioctyl esters of sodium sulfosuccinic acid.

Preferred anionic surface-active agents for use in the cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention include ammonium lauryl sulfate, ammonium laureth sulfate, triethylamine lauryl sulfate, triethylamine laureth sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine laureth sulfate, monoethanolamine lauryl sulfate, monoethanolamine laureth sulfate, diethanolamine lauryl sulfate, diethanolamine laureth sulfate, lauric monoglyceride sodium sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, potassium laureth sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, lauryl sarcosine, cocoyl sarcosine, ammonium cocoyl sulfate, ammonium lauroyl sulfate, sodium cocoyl sulfate, sodium lauroyl sulfate, potassium cocoyl sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, monoethanolamine cocoyl sulfate, monoethanolamine lauryl sulfate, sodium tridecyl benzene sulfonate, and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate.

Amphoteric surface-active agents which may be used in the cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention include derivatives of aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines, in which the aliphatic substituent contains from about 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an anionic water solubilizing group e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, or phosphonate. Representative examples include sodium 3-dodecyl-aminopropionate, sodium 3-dodecylaminopropane sulfonate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, N-alkyltaurines such as the one prepared by reacting dodecylamine with sodium isethionate as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,658,072, N-higher alkyl aspartic acids as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,438,091, and the products sold under the trade name MIRANOL. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,528,378. Other sarcosinates and sarcosinate derivatives can be found in the CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook, Fifth Edition, 1988, page 42 incorporated herein by reference.

Quaternary ammonium compounds can also be used in the cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention as long as they are compatible in the compositions of the invention, wherein the structure is provided in the CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook, Fifth Edition, 1988, page 40. Cationic surface-active agents generally include, but are not limited to fatty quaternary ammonium compounds containing from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms. The anion of the quaternary ammonium compound can be a common ion such as chloride, ethosulfate, methosulfate, acetate, bromide, lactate, nitrate, phosphate, or tosylate and mixtures thereof. The long chain alkyl groups can include additional or replaced carbon or hydrogen atoms or ether linkages. Other substitutions on the quaternary nitrogen can be hydrogen, hydrogen, benzyl or short chain alkyl or hydroxyalkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl or combinations thereof.

Examples of quaternary ammonium compounds include but are not limited to: Behentrimonium chloride, Cocotrimonium chloride, Cethethyldimonium bromide, Dibehenyldimonium chloride, Dihydrogenated tallow benzylmonium chloride, disoyadimonium chloride, Ditallowedimonium chloride, Hydroxycetyl hydroxyethyl dimonium chloride, Hydroxyethyl Behenamidopropyl dimonium chloride, Hydroxyethyl Cetyldimonium chloride, Hydroxyethyl tallowedimonium chloride, myristalkonium chloride, PEG-2 Oleamonium chloride, PEG-5 Stearmonium chloride, PEG-15 cocoyl quaternium 4, PEG-2 stearalkonium 4, lauryltrimonium chloride; Quaternium-16; Quaternium-18, lauralkonium chloride, olealkmonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, Polyquaternium-5, Polyquaternium-6, Polyquaternium-7, Polyquaternium-10, Polyquaternium-22, Polyquaternium-37, Polyquaternium-39, Polyquaternium-47, cetyl trimonium chloride, dilauryldimonium chloride, cetalkonium chloride, dicetyldimonium chloride, soyatrimonium chloride, stearyl octyl dimonium methosulfate, and mixtures thereof. Other quaternary ammonium compounds are listed in the CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook, First Edition, on pages 41-42, incorporated herein by reference.

The cosmetically acceptable compositions may include long chain fatty amines from about C.sub.10 to C.sub.22 and their derivatives. Specific examples include dipalmitylamine, lauramidopropyldimethylamine, and stearamidopropyl dimethylamine. The cosmetically acceptable compositions of this invention may also include fatty alcohols (typically monohydric alcohols), ethoxylated fatty alcohols, and di-tail phospholipids, which can be used to stabilize emulsion or dispersion forms of the cosmetically acceptable compositions. They also provide a cosmetically acceptable viscosity. Selection of the fatty alcohol is not critical, although those alcohols characterized as having fatty chains of C.sub.10 to C.sub.32, preferably C.sub.14 to C.sub.22, which are substantially saturated alkanols will generally be employed. Examples include stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, arachidic alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, and isocetyl alcohol. Cetyl alcohol is preferred and may be used alone or in combination with other fatty alcohols, preferably with stearyl alcohol. When used the fatty alcohol is preferably included in the formulations of this invention at a concentration within the range from about 1 to about 8 weight percent, more preferably about 2 to about 6 weight percent. The fatty alcohols may also be ethoxylated. Specific examples include cetereth-20, steareth-20, steareth-21, and mixtures thereof. Phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine, and mixtures thereof may also be included. When used, the fatty alcohol component is included in the formulations at a concentration of about 1 to about 10 weight percent, more preferably about 2 to about 7 weight percent.

Nonionic surface-active agents, which can be used in the cosmetically acceptable composition of the present invention, include those broadly defined as compounds produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound, which may be aliphatic or alkyl aromatic in nature. Examples of preferred classes of nonionic surface-active agents are: the long chain alkanolamides; the polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols; the condensation product of aliphatic alcohols having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, in either straight chain or branched chain configuration, with ethylene oxide; the long chain tertiary amine oxides; the long chain tertiary phosphine oxides; the long chain dialkyl sulfoxides containing one short chain alkyl or hydroxy alkyl radical of from about 1 to about 3 carbon atoms; and the alkyl polysaccharide (APS) surfactants such as the alkyl polyglycosides; the polyethylene glycol (PEG) glyceryl fatty esters.

Zwitterionic surface-active agents such as betaines can also be useful in the cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention. Examples of betaines useful herein include the high alkyl betaines, such as coco dimethyl carboxymethyl betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, cocobetaine, lauryl amidopropyl betaine, oleyl betaine, lauryl dimethyl carboxymethyl betaine, lauryl dimethyl alphacarboxyethyl betaine, cetyl dimethyl carboxymethyl betaine, lauryl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) carboxymethyl betaine, stearyl bis-(2-hydroxypropyl) carboxymethyl betaine, oleyl dimethyl gamma-carboxypropyl betaine, and lauryl bis-(2-hydroxypropyl)alpha-carboxyethyl betaine. The sulfobetaines may be represented by coco dimethyl sulfopropyl betaine, stearyl dimethyl sulfopropyl betaine, lauryl dimethyl sulfoethyl betaine, lauryl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfopropyl betaine and the like; amidobetaines and amidosulfobetaines, wherein the RCONH(CH₂)₃ radical is attached to the nitrogen atom of the betaine are also useful in this invention.

The anionic, cationic, nonionic, amphoteric or zwitterionic surface-active agents used in the cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention are typically used in an amount from about 0.1 to 50 percent by weight, preferably from about 0.5 to about 40 percent by weight, more preferably from about 1 to about 20 percent by weight.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may include humectants, which act as hygroscopic agents, increasing the amount of water absorbed, held and retained. Suitable humectants for the formulations of this invention include but are not limited to: acetamide MEA, ammonium lactate, chitosan and its derivatives, colloidal oatmeal, galactoarabinan, glucose glutamate, glerecyth-7, glygeryth-12, glycereth-26, glyceryth-31, glycerin, lactamide MEA, lactamide DEA, lactic acid, methyl gluceth-10, methyl gluceth-20, panthenol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, inositol, mannitol, PEG-5 pentaerythritol ether, polyglyceryl sorbitol, xylitol, sucrose, sodium hyaluronate, sodium PCA, and combinations thereof. Glycerin is a particularly preferred humectant. The humectant is present in the composition at concentrations of from about 0.5 to about 40 percent by weight, preferably from about 0.5 to about 20 percent by weight and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 12 percent by weight.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may include petrolatum or mineral oil components, which when selected will generally be USP or NF grade. The petrolatum may be white or yellow. The viscosity or consistency grade of petrolatum is not narrowly critical. Petrolatum can be partially replaced with mixtures of hydrocarbon materials, which can be formulated to resemble petrolatum in appearance and consistency. For example, mixtures of petrolatum or mineral oil with different waxes and the like may be combined. Preferred waxes include bayberry wax, candelilla wax, ceresin, jojoba butter, lanolin wax, montan wax, ozokerite, polyglyceryl-3-beeswax, polyglyceryl-6-pentastearate, microcrystalline wax, paraffin wax, isoparaffin, vaseline solid paraffin, squalene, oligomer olefins, beeswax, synthetic candelilla wax, synthetic carnauba, synthetic beeswax and the like may be blended together. Alkylmethyl siloxanes with varying degrees of substitution can be used to increase water retained by the skin. Siloxanes such as stearyl dimethicone, known as 2503 Wax, C30-45 alkyl methicone, known as AMS-C30 wax, and stearoxytrimethylsilane (and) stearyl alcohol, known as 580 Wax, each available from Dow Corning, Midland, Mich., USA. Additional alkyl and phenyl silicones may be employed to enhance moisturizing properties. Resins such as dimethicone (and) trimethylsiloxysilicate or Cyclomethicone (and) Trimethylsiloxysilicate fluid, may be utilized to enhance film formation of skin care products. When used, the petrolatum, wax or hydrocarbon or oil component is included in the formulations at a concentration of about 1 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably about 1 to about 12 weight percent. When used, the silicone resins can be included from about 0.1 to about 10.0 weight percent.

Emollients are defined as agents that help maintain the soft, smooth, and pliable appearance of skin. Emollients function by their ability to remain on the skin surface or in the stratum corneum. The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may include fatty ester emollients, which are listed in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Eighth Edition, 2000, p. 1768 to 1773. Specific examples of suitable fatty esters for use in the formulation of this invention include isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, caprylic/capric triglycerides, cetyl lactate, cetyl palmitate, hydrogenated castor oil, glyceryl esters, hydroxyacetyl isostearate, hydroxy cetyl phosphate, isopropyl isostearate, isostearyl isostearate, diisopropyl sebacate, PPG-5-Ceteth-20, 2-ethylhexyl isononoate, 2-ethylhexyl stearate, C.sub.12 to C.sub.16 fatty alcohol lactate, isopropyl lanolate, 2-ethyl-hexyl salicylate, and mixtures thereof. The presently preferred fatty esters are isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, PPG-5-Ceteth-20, and caprylic/capric triglycerides. When used the fatty ester emollient is preferably included in the formulations of this invention at a concentration of about 1 to about 8 weight percent, more preferably about 2 to about 5 weight percent.

The compositions of this invention may also include silicone compounds. Preferably, the viscosity of the silicone component is from about 0.5 to about 12,500 cps. Examples of suitable materials are dimethylpolysiloxane, diethylpolysiloxane, dimethylpolysiloxane-diphenylpolysiloxane, cyclomethicone, trimethylpolysiloxane, diphenylpolysiloxane, and mixtures thereof. Dimethicone, a dimethylpolysiloxane end blocked with trimethyl units, is one preferred example. Dimethicone having a viscosity between 50 and 1,000 cps is particularly preferred. When used, the silicone oils are preferably included in the formulations of this invention at a concentration of 0.1 to 5 weight percent, more preferably 1 to 2 weight percent.

The cosmetically acceptable compositions of this invention may include volatile and non-volatile silicone oils or fluids. The silicone compounds can be either linear or cyclic polydimethylsiloxanes with a viscosity from about 0.5 to about 100 centistokes. The most preferred linear polydimethylsiloxane compounds have a range from about 0.5 to about 50 centistokes. One example of a linear, low molecular weight, volatile polydimethylsiloxane is octamethyltrisiloxane-200 fluid having a viscosity of about 1 centistoke. When used, the silicone oils are preferably included in the formulations of this invention at a concentration of 0.1 to 30 weight percent, more preferably 1 to 20 weight percent.

The cosmetically acceptable compositions of this invention may include volatile, cyclic, low molecular weight polydimethylsiloxanes (cyclomethicones). The preferred cyclic volatile siloxanes can be polydimethyl cyclosiloxanes having an average repeat unit of 4 to 6, and a viscosity from about 2.0 to about 7.0 centistokes, and mixtures thereof. Preferred cyclomethicones are available from Dow Corning, Midland, Mich., and from General Electric, Waterford, N.Y., USA. When used, the silicone oils are preferably included in the formulations of this invention at a concentration of 0.1 to 30 weight percent, more preferably 1 to 20 weight percent.

Silicone surfactants or emulsifiers with polyoxyethylene or polyoxypropylene side chains may also be used in compositions of the current invention. Preferred examples include dimethicone copolyols and 5225C Formulation Aids, available from Dow Corning, Midland, Mich., USA and Silicone SF-1528, available from General Electric, Waterford, N.Y., USA. The side chains may also include alkyl groups such as lauryl or cetyl. Preferred are lauryl methicone copolyol. 5200 Formulation Aid, and cetyl dimethicone copolyol, known as Abil EM-90, available from Goldschmidt Chemical Corporation, Hopewell, Va. Also preferred is lauryl dimethicone, known as Belsil LDM 3107 VP, available from Wacker-Chemie, Munchen, Germany. When used, the silicone surfactants are preferably included in the formulations of this invention at a concentration of 0.1 to 30 weight percent, more preferably 1 to 15 weight percent. Amine functional silicones and emulsions may be utilized in the present invention. Preferred examples include Dow Corning 8220, Dow Corning 939, Dow Corning 949, Dow Corning 2-8194, all available from Dow Corning, Midland, Mich., USA. Also preferred is Silicone SM 253 available from General Electric, Waterford, N.Y., USA. When used, the amine functional silicones are preferably included in the formulations of this invention at a concentration of 0.1 to 5 weight percent, more preferably 0.1 to 2.0 weight percent.

The cosmetically acceptable compositions of this invention may include volatile hydrocarbon oils. The volatile hydrocarbon comprises from about C.sub.6 to C.sub.22 atoms. A preferred volatile hydrocarbon is an aliphatic hydrocarbon having a chain length from about C.sub.6 to C.sub.16 carbon atoms. An example of such compound includes isohexadecane, under the trade name Permethyl 101A, available from Presperse, South Plainfield, N.J., USA. Another example of a preferred volatile hydrocarbon is C.sub.12 to C.sub.14 isoparaffin, under the trade name Isopar M, available from Exxon, Baytown, Tex., USA. When used, the volatile hydrocarbons are preferably included in the formulations of this invention at a concentration of 0.1 to 30 weight percent, more preferably 1 to 20 weight percent.

The cosmetically acceptable compositions of this invention may include cationic and ampholytic conditioning polymers. Examples of such include, but are not limited to those listed by the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary published by the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA), 1101 17 Street, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, D.C. 20036. General examples include quaternary derivatives of cellulose ethers, quaternary derivatives of guar, homopolymers and copolymers of DADMAC, homopolymers and copolymers of MAPTAC and quaternary derivatives of starches. Specific examples, using the CTFA designation, include, but are not limited to Polyquaternium-10, Guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, Starch hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, Polyquaternium-4, Polyquaternium-5, Polyquaternium-6, Polyquaternium-7, Polyquaternium-14, Polyquaternium-15, Polyquaternium-22, Polyquaternium-24, Polyquaternium-28, Polyquaternium-32, Polyquaternium-33, Polyquaternium-36, Polyquaternium-37, Polyquaternium-39, Polyquaternium-45, Polyquaternium-47 and polymethacrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride, and mixtures thereof. When used, the conditioning polymers are preferably included in the cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention at a concentration of from 0.1 to 10 weight percent, preferably from 0.2 to 6 weight percent and most preferably from 0.2 to 5 weight percent.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may include one or more rheological modifiers. The rheological modifiers that can be used in this invention include high molecular weight crosslinked homopolymers of acrylic acid, and Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, such as the Carbopol and Pemulen series, both available from B.F. Goodrich, Akron, Ohio, USA; anionic acrylate polymers such as Salcare and cationic acrylate polymers such as Salcare SC96, available from Ciba Specialties, High Point, N.C., USA; Acrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride/acrylamide; Hydroxyethyl methacrylates polymers, Steareth-10 Allyl Ether/Acrylate Copolymer; Acrylates/Beheneth-25 Metacrylate Copolymer, known as Aculyn, available from International Specialties, Wayne, N.J., USA; Glyceryl Polymethacrylate, Acrylates/Steareth-20 Methacrylate Copolymer; bentonite; gums such as alginates, carageenans, gum acacia, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, guar gum; guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, xanthan gum or gellan gum; cellulose derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl carboxyethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl carboxypropyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, sulfated cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose; agar; pectin; gelatin; starch and its derivatives; chitosan and its derivatives such as hydroxyethyl chitosan; polyvinyl alcohol, PVM/MA copolymer, PVM/MA decadiene crosspolymer, poly(ethylene oxide) based thickeners, sodium carbomer, and mixtures thereof. When used, the rheology modifiers are preferably included in the cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention at a concentration of from 0.01 to 12 weight percent, preferably from 0.05 to 10 weight percent and most preferably from 0.1 to 6 weight percent.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may include one or more antioxidants, which include, but are not limited to ascorbic acid, BHT, BHA, erythorbic acid, bisulfite, thioglycolate, tocopherol, sodium metabisulfite, vitamin E acetate, and ascorbyl palmitate. The anti oxidants will be present at from 0.01 to 20 weight percent, preferably 0.5 to 10 weight percent and most preferably from 1.0 to 5.0 weight percent of the cosmetically acceptable composition.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may include one or more sunscreen active agents. Examples of sunscreen active agents include, but are not limited to octyl methoxycinnamate (ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate), octyl salicylate oxybenzone (benzophenone-3), benzophenone-4, menthyl anthranilate, dioxybenzone, aminobenzoic acid, amyl dimethyl PABA, diethanolamine p-methoxy cinnamate, ethyl 4-bis (hydroxypropyl)aminobenzoate, 2-ethylhexyl 1-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate, homomethyl salicylate, glyceryl aminobenzoate, dihydroxyacetone, octyl dimethyl PABA, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, triethanolamine salicylate, zinc oxide, and titanium oxide, and mixtures thereof. The amount of sunscreen used in the cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention will vary depending on the specific UV absorption wavelength(s) of the specific sunscreen active(s) used and can be from 0.1 to 10 percent by weight, from 2 to 8 percent by weight.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may include one or more preservatives. Example of preservatives, which may be used include, but are not limited to 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyano butane (Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile, known as MERGUARD. Nalco Chemical Company, Naperville, Ill., USA), benzyl alcohol, imidazolidinyl urea, 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethyl-2,3-imidazolidinedione (e.g., DMDM Hydantoin, known as GLYDANT, Lonza, Fairlawn, N.J., USA, methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone (e.g., Kathon, Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa., USA), methyl paraben, propyl paraben, phenoxyethanol, and sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may include any other ingredient by normally used in cosmetics. Examples of such ingredients include, but are not limited to buffering agents, fragrance ingredients, chelating agents, color additives or dyestuffs which can serve to color the composition itself or keratin, sequestering agents, softeners, foam synergistic agents, foam stabilizers, sun filters and peptizing agents.

The surface of pigments, such titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, talc, calcium carbonate or kaolin, can be treated with the unsaturated quaternary ammonium compounds described herein and then used in the cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention. The treated pigments are then more effective as sunscreen actives and for use in color cosmetics such as make up and mascara.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention can be presented in various forms. Examples of such forms include, but are not limited a solution, liquid, cream, emulsion, dispersion, gel, thickening lotion.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention may contain water and also any cosmetically acceptable solvent. Examples of acceptable solvents include, but are not limited to monoalcohols, such as alkanols having 1 to 8 carbon atoms (like ethanol, isopropanol, benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol) polyalcohols, such as alkylene glycols (like glycerin, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol) and glycol ethers, such as mono-, di- and tri-ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, for example ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, used singly or in a mixture from 0.1 to 70 percent by weight, relative to the weight of the total composition.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention can also be packaged as an aerosol, in which case it can be applied either in the form of an aerosol spray or in the form of an aerosol foam. As the propellant gas for these aerosols, it is possible to use, in particular, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, air and volatile hydrocarbons, such as butane, isobutane, and propane.

The cosmetically acceptable composition of this invention also can contain electrolytes, such as aluminum chlorohydrate, alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium, potassium or lithium salts, these salts preferably being halides, such as the chloride or bromide, and the sulfate, or salts with organic acids, such as the acetates or lactates, and also alkaline earth metal salts, preferably the carbonates, silicates, nitrates, acetates, gluconates, pantothenates and lactates of calcium, magnesium and strontium.

Compositions for treating skin include leave-on or rinse-off skin care products such as lotions, hand/body creams, shaving gels or shaving creams, body washes, sunscreens, liquid soaps, deodorants, antiperspirants, suntan lotions, after sun gels, bubble baths, hand or mechanical dishwashing compositions, and the like. In addition to the polymer, skin care compositions may include components conventionally used in skin care formulations. Such components include for example; (a) humectants, (b) petrolatum or mineral oil, (c) fatty alcohols, (d) fatty ester emollients, (e) silicone oils or fluids, and (f) preservatives. These components must in general be safe for application to the human skin and must be compatible with the other components of the formulation. Selection of these components is generally within the skill of the art. The skin care compositions may also contain other conventional additives employed in cosmetic skin care formulations. Such additives include aesthetic enhancers, fragrance oils, dyes and medicaments such as menthol and the like.

The skin care compositions of this invention may be prepared as oil-in-water, water-in-oil emulsions, triple emulsions, or dispersions.

Preferred oil-in-water emulsions are prepared by first forming an aqueous mixture of the water-soluble components, e.g. unsaturated quaternary ammonium compounds, humectants, water-soluble preservatives, followed by adding water-insoluble components. The water-insoluble components include the emulsifier, water-insoluble preservatives, petrolatum or mineral oil component, fatty alcohol component, fatty ester emollient, and silicone oil component. The input of mixing energy will be high and will be maintained for a time sufficient to form a water-in-oil emulsion having a smooth appearance (indicating the presence of relatively small micelles in the emulsion). Preferred dispersions are generally prepared by forming an aqueous mixture of the water-soluble components, followed by addition of thickener with suspension power for water-insoluble materials.

Compositions for treating hair include bath preparations such as bubble baths, soaps, and oils, shampoos, conditioners, hair bleaches, hair coloring preparations, temporary and permanent hair colors, color conditioners, hair lighteners, coloring and non-coloring hair rinses, hair tints, hair wave sets, permanent waves, curling, hair straighteners, hair grooming aids, hair tonics, hair dressings and oxidative products. The dispersion polymers may also be utilized in styling type leave-in products such as gels, mousses, spritzes, styling creams, styling waxes, pomades, balms, and the like, either alone or in combination with other polymers or structuring agents in order to provide control and hair manageability with a clean, natural, non-sticky feel.

Hair care compositions of this invention give slippery feel and that can be easily rinsed from the hair due to the presence of the dispersion polymer, volatile silicones, other polymers, surfactants or other compounds that may alter the deposition of materials upon the hair.

In the case of cleansing formulations such as a shampoo for washing the hair, or a liquid hand soap, or shower gel for washing the skin, the compositions contain anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic or amphoteric surface-active agents typically in an amount from about 3 to about 50 percent by weight, preferably from about 3 to about 20 percent, and their pH is general in the range from about 3 to about 10.

Preferred shampoos of this invention contain combinations of anionic surfactants with zwitterionic surfactants and/or amphoteric surfactants. Especially preferred shampoos contain from about 0 to about 16 percent active of alkyl sulfates, from 0 to about 50 weight percent of ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, and from 0 to about 50 weight percent of optional surface-active agents selected from the nonionic, amphoteric, and zwitterionic surface-active agents, with at least 5 weight percent of either alkyl sulfate, ethoxylated alkyl sulfate, or a mixture thereof, and a total surfactant level of from about 10 weight to about 25 percent.

The shampoo for washing hair also can contain other conditioning additives such as silicones and conditioning polymers typically used in shampoos. U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,709 provides a list of non-volatile silicone conditioning agents that can be used in shampoos. The conditioning polymers for use with the present invention are listed in the Cosmetic, Toiletries and Fragrance Associations (CTFA) dictionary. Specific examples include the Polyquaterniums (example Polyquaternium-1 to Polyquaternium-50), Guar Hydroxypropyl Trimonium Chloride, Starch Hydroxypropyl Trimonium Chloride and Polymethacrylamidopropyl Trimonium Chloride.

Other preferred embodiments consist of use in the form of a rinsing lotion to be applied mainly before or after shampooing. These lotions typically are aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic solutions, emulsions, thickened lotions or gels. If the compositions are presented in the form of an emulsion, they can be nonionic, anionic or cationic. The nonionic emulsions consist mainly of a mixture of oil and/or a fatty alcohol with a polyoxyethyleneated alcohol, such as polyoxyethyleneated stearyl or cetyl/stearyl alcohol, and cationic surface-active agents can be added to these compositions. The anionic emulsions are formed essentially from soap.

If the compositions are presented in the form of a thickened lotion or a gel, they contain thickeners in the presence or absence of a solvent. The thickeners which can be used are especially resins, Carbopol-type acrylic acid thickeners available from B.F. Goodrich; xanthan gums; sodium alginates; gum arabic; cellulose derivatives and poly-(ethylene oxide) based thickeners, and it is also possible to achieve thickening by means of a mixture of polyethylene glycol stearate or distearate or by means of a mixture of a phosphoric acid ester and an amide. The concentration of thickener is generally 0.05 to 15 percent by weight. If the compositions are presented in the form of a styling lotion, shaping lotion, or setting lotion, they generally comprise, in aqueous, alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic solution, the ampholyte polymers defined above.

In the case of hair fixatives, the composition may also contain one or more additional hair fixative polymers. When present, the additional hair fixative polymers are present in a total amount of from about 0.25 to about 10 percent by weight. The additional hair fixative resin can be selected from the following group as long as it is compatible with a given dispersion polymer: acrylamide copolymer, acrylamide/sodium acrylate copolymer, acrylate/ammonium methacrylate copolymer, an acrylate copolymer, an acrylic/acrylate copolymer, adipic acid/dimethylaminohydroxypropyl diethylenetriamine copolymer, adipic acid/epoxypropyl diethylenetriamine copolymer, allyl stearate/VA copolymer, aminoethylacrylate phosphate/acrylate copolymer, an ammonium acrylate copolymer, an ammonium vinyl acetate/acrylate copolymer, an AMP acrylate/diacetoneacrylamide copolymer, an AMPD acrylate/diacetoneacrylamide copolymer, butyl ester of ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, butyl ester of PVM/MA copolymer, calcium/sodium PVM/MA copolymer, corn starch/acrylamide/sodium acrylate copolymer, diethylene glycolamine/epichlorohydrin/piperazine-copolymer, dodecanedioic acid/cetearyl alcohol/glycol copolymer, ethyl ester of PVM/MA copolymer, isopropyl ester of PVM/MA copolymer, karaya gum, a methacryloyl ethyl betaine/methacrylate copolymer, an octylacrylamide/acrylate/butylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer, an octylacrylamide/acrylate copolymer, phthalic anhydride/glycerin/glycidyl decanoate copolymer, a phthalic/trimellitic/glycol copolymer, polyacrylamide, polyacrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylacrylate, polyethylene, polyquaternium-1, polyquaternium-2, polyquaternium-4, polyquaternium-5, polyquaternium-6, polyquaternium-7, polyquaternium-8, polyquaternium-9, polyquaternium-10, polyquaternium-11, polyquaternium-12, polyquaternium-13, polyquaternium-14, polyquaternium-15, polyquaternium-39, polyquaternium-47, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl imidazolinium acetate, polyvinyl methyl ether, PVM/MA copolymer, PVP, PVP/dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate copolymer, PVP/eicosene copolymer, PVP/ethyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer, PVP/hexadecene copolymer, PVP/VA copolymer, PVP/vinyl acetate/itaconic acid copolymer, shellac, sodium acrylates copolymer, sodium acrylates/Acrylnitrogens copolymer, sodium acrylate/vinyl alcohol copolymer, sodium carrageenan, starch diethylaminoethyl ether, stearylvinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer, sucrose benzoate/sucrose acetate isobutyrate/butyl benzyl phthalate copolymer, sucrose benzoate/sucrose acetate isobutyrate/butyl benzyl phthalate/methyl methacrylate copolymer, sucrose benzoate/sucrose acetate isobutyrate copolymer, a vinyl acetate/crotonate copolymer, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymer, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid/methacryloxybenzophenone-1 copolymer, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid/vinyl neodecanoate copolymer, and mixtures thereof. Synthetic polymers used for creating styling aids are described in “The History of Polymers in Haircare,” Cosmetics and Toiletries, 103 (1988), incorporated herein by reference. Other synthetic polymers that may be used with the present invention can be referenced in the CTFA Dictionary, Fifth Edition, 2000, incorporated herein by reference.

The cosmetic compositions of this invention may be formulated in a wide variety of form, for non-limited example, including a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a paste, an ointment, a gel, a cream, a lotion, a powder, a soap, a surfactant-containing cleanser, an oil, a powder foundation, an emulsion foundation, a wax foundation and a spray. In detail, the cosmetic composition of the present invention can be provided in a form of skin softener (skin lotion), astringent lotion, nutrient emulsion (milk lotion), nutrient cream, message cream, essence, eye cream, cleansing cream, cleansing foam, cleansing water, facial pack, spray or powder.

The cosmetically acceptable carrier contained in the present cosmetic composition, may be varied depending on the type of the formulation. For example, the formulation of ointment, pastes, creams or gels may comprise animal and vegetable fats, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonite, silica, talc, zinc oxide or mixtures of these ingredients.

In the formulation of powder or spray, it may comprise lactose, talc, silica, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicate, polyamide powder and mixtures of these ingredients. Spray may additionally comprise the customary propellants, for example, chlorofluorohydrocarbons, propane, butane, diethyl ether, or dimethyl ether.

The formulation of solution and emulsion may comprise solvent, solubilizer and emulsifier, for example water, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol, oils, in particular cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, maize germ oil, olive oil, castor oil and sesame seed oil, glycerol fatty esters, polyethylene glycol and fatty acid esters of sorbitan or mixtures of these ingredients.

The formulation of suspension may comprise liquid diluents, for example water, ethanol or propylene glycol, suspending agents, for example ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol esters and polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar and tragacanth or mixtures of these ingredients.

The formulation of cleansing compositions with surfactant may comprise aliphatic alcohol sulfate, aliphatic alcohol ether sulfate, sulfosucinnate monoester, isethionate, imidazolium derivatives, methyl taurate, sarcosinate, fatty acid amide ether sulfate, alkyl amido betaine, aliphatic alcohol, fatty acid glyceride, fatty acid diethanolamide, vegetable oil, lanoline derivatives, ethoxylated glycerol fatty acid ester or mixtures of these ingredients.

Additional antioxidant ingredients and compositions can be selected from, but not limited to, Ascorbic acid, Ascorbic acid derivatives, Glucosamine ascorbate, Arginine ascorbate, Lysine ascorbate, Glutathione ascorbate, Nicotinamide ascorbate, Niacin ascorbate, Allantoin ascorbate, Creatine ascorbate, Creatinine ascorbate, Chondroitin ascorbate, Chitosan ascorbate, DNA Ascorbate, Carnosine ascorbate, Vitamin E, various Vitamin E derivatives, Tocotrienol, Rutin, Quercetin, Hesperedin (Citrus sinensis), Diosmin (Citrus sinensis), Mangiferin (Mangifera indica), Mangostin (Garcinia mangostana), Cyanidin (Vaccinium myrtillus), Astaxanthin (Haematococcus algae), Lutein (Tagetes patula), Lycopene (Lycopersicum esculentum), Resveratrol (Polygonum cuspidatum), Tetrahydrocurcumin (Curcuma longa), Rosmarinic acid (Rosmarinus officinalis), Hypericin (Hypericum perforatum), Ellagic acid (Punica granatum), Chlorogenic acid (Vaccinium vulgaris), Oleuropein (Olea europaea), .alpha.-Lipoic acid, Niacinamide lipoate, Glutathione, Andrographolide (Andrographis paniculata), Carnosine, Niacinamide, Potentilla erecta extract, Polyphenols, Grapeseed extract, Pycnogenol (Pine Bark extract), Pyridoxine, Magnolol, Honokiol, Paeonol, Resacetophenone, Quinacetophenone, arbutin, kojic acid, and combinations thereof.

The blood micro-circulation improvement ingredients and compositions can be selected from, but not limited to, Horse Chestnut Extract (Aesculus hippocastanum extract)), Esculin, Escin, Yohimbine, Capsicum Oleoresin, Capsaicin, Niacin, Niacin Esters, Methyl Nicotinate, Benzyl Nicotinate, Ruscogenins (Butchers Broom extract; Ruscus aculeatus extract), Diosgenin (Trigonella foenumgraecum, Fenugreek), Emblica extract (Phyllanthus emblica extract), Asiaticoside (Centella asiatica extract), Boswellia Extract (Boswellia serrata), Ginger Root Extract (Zingiber Officianalis), Piperine, Vitamin K, Melilot (Melilotus officinalis extract), Glycyrrhetinic acid, Ursolic acid, Sericoside (Terminalia sericea extract), Darutoside (Siegesbeckia orientalis extract), Amni visnaga extract, extract of Red Vine (Vitis Vinifera) leaves, apigenin, phytosan, luteolin, and combinations thereof.

The anti-inflammatory ingredients or compositions can be selected from, but not limited to, at least one antioxidant class of Cyclo-oxygenase (for example, COX-1 or COX-2) or Lipoxygenase (for example, LOX-5) enzyme inhibitors such as Ascorbic acid, Ascorbic acid derivatives, Vitamin E, Vitamin E derivatives, Tocotrienol, Rutin, Quercetin, Hesperedin (Citrus sinensis), Diosmin (Citrus sinensis), Mangiferin (Mangifera indica), Mangostin (Garcinia mangostana), Cyanidin (Vaccinium myrtillus), Astaxanthin (Haematococcus algae), Lutein (Tagetes patula), Lycopene (Lycopersicum esculentum), Resveratrol (Polygonum cuspidatum), Tetrahydrocurcumin (Curcuma longa), Rosmarinic acid (Rosmarinus officinalis), Hypericin (Hypericum perforatum), Ellagic acid (Punica granatum), Chlorogenic acid (Vaccinium vulgaris), Oleuropein (Olea europaea), alpha-Lipoic acid, Glutathione, Andrographolide, Grapeseed extract, Green Tea Extract, Polyphenols, Pycnogenol (Pine Bark extract), White Tea extract, Black Tea extract, (Andrographis paniculata), Carnosine, Niacinamide, and Emblica extract. Anti-inflammatory composition can additionally be selected from, but not limited to, Horse Chestnut Extract (Aesculus hippocastanum extract)), Esculin, Escin, Yohimbine, Capsicum Oleoresin, Capsaicin, Niacin, Niacin Esters, Methyl Nicotinate, Benzyl Nicotinate, Ruscogenins (Butchers Broom extract; Ruscus aculeatus extract), Diosgenin (Trigonella foenumgraecum, Fenugreek), Emblica extract (Phyllanthus emblica extract), Asiaticoside (Centella asiatica extract), Boswellia Extract (Boswellia serrata), Sericoside, Visnadine, Thiocolchicoside, Grapeseed Extract, Ginger Root Extract (Zingiber Officianalis), Piperine, Vitamin K, Melilot (Melilotus officinalis extract), Glycyrrhetinic acid, Ursolic acid, Sericoside (Terminalia sericea extract), Darutoside (Siegesbeckia orientalis extract), Amni visnaga extract, extract of Red Vine (Vitis-Vinifera) leaves, apigenin, phytosan, luteolin, and combinations thereof.

Certain divalent and polyvalent metal ions can also be present in the compositions of the present invention. The examples of such metal ions include zinc, copper, manganese, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, and iron.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a carrier and, as active ingredient, a compound of the general formula (VII) as defined above.

A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be any material with which the active ingredient is formulated to facilitate administration. A carrier may be a solid or a liquid, including a material that is normally gaseous but which has been compressed to form a liquid, and any of the carriers normally used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions may be used. Preferably, compositions according to the invention contain 0.5 to 95% by weight of active ingredient.

The compounds of general formula (VII) can be formulated as, for example, tablets, capsules, suppositories or solutions. These formulations can be produced by known methods using conventional solid carriers such as, for example, lactose, starch or talcum or liquid carriers such as, for example, water, fatty oils or liquid paraffins. Other carriers which may be used include materials derived from animal or vegetable proteins, such as the gelatins, dextrins and soy, wheat and psyllium seed proteins; gums such as acacia, guar, agar, and xanthan; polysaccharides; alginates; carboxymethylcelluloses; carrageenans; dextrans; pectins; synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; polypeptide/protein or polysaccharide complexes such as gelatin-acacia complexes; sugars such as mannitol, dextrose, galactose and trehalose; cyclic sugars such as cyclodextrin; inorganic salts such as sodium phosphate, sodium chloride and aluminium silicates.

Auxiliary components such as tablet disintegrants, solubilisers, preservatives, antioxidants, surfactants, viscosity enhancers, colouring agents, flavouring agents, pH modifiers, sweeteners or taste-masking agents may also be incorporated into the composition. Suitable colouring agents include red, black and yellow iron oxides and FD & C dyes such as FD & C blue No. 2 and FD & C red No. 40 available from Ellis & Everard. Suitable flavouring agents include mint, raspberry, liquorice, orange, lemon, grapefruit, caramel, vanilla, cherry and grape flavours and combinations of these. Suitable pH modifiers include citric acid, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid and maleic acid. Suitable sweeteners include aspartame, acesulfame K and thaumatin. Suitable taste-masking agents include sodium bicarbonate, ion-exchange resins, cyclodextrin inclusion compounds, adsorbates or microencapsulated actives.

For treatment of and prophylaxis against coccidiosis and related parasites, for instance, in poultry, especially in chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys, 0.1 to 100 ppm, preferably 0.5 to 100 ppm of the active compound may be mixed into an appropriate, edible material, such as nutritious food. If desired, the amounts applied can be increased, especially if the active compound is well tolerated by the recipient. Accordingly, the active compound can be applied with the drinking water.

For the treatment of a single animal, for instance, for the treatment of coccidiosis in mammals or toxoplasmosis, amounts of 0.5 to 100 mg/kg body weight active compound are preferably administered daily to obtain the desired results. Nevertheless, it may be necessary from time to time to depart from the amounts mentioned above, depending on the body weight of the experimental animal, the method of application, the animal species and its individual reaction to the drug or the kind of formulation or the time or interval in which the drug is applied. In special cases, it may be sufficient to use less than the minimum amount given above, whilst in other cases the maximum dose may have to be exceeded. For a larger dose, it may be advisable to divide the dose into several smaller single doses.

The present invention also includes a compound of the general formula (VII) as defined above for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease caused by infection with a parasite of the genus Plasmodium and use of a compound of the general formula (VII) as defined above for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease caused by infection with a parasite of the genus Plasmodium.

The invention also provides a method for treating a disease caused by infection with a parasite other than an organism of the genus Plasmodium that comprises administering to a host in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the general formula (VII) as first defined above. Preferably, the parasite is an organism of the genus Neospora or the genus Eimeria. A method for treating a disease caused by infection with a parasite of the genus Plasmodium is also provided which comprises administering to a host in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a novel compound of the general formula I as defined above.

EXAMPLES

All quantities are in weight percent amounts. The examples do not limit the scope of the present invention. Nomenclature of some compounds has been abbreviated.

Example 1 Preparation of N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)acetic acid and Isomers (Formula VIII) in water solution

Ingredients. (1) Water 96.2 (2) Artemisinine 2.8 (3) Glycine 1.0. Procedure. The mixture of all ingredients is heated at 90 to 95 C for 2 hours. A solution of formula (VIII) in water is obtained.

Example 2 Preparation of N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)acetic acid Sodium in water solution

Ingredients. (1) Water 95.3 (2) Sodium Bicarbonate 0.9 (3) Glycine 1.0 (4) Artemisinin 2.8. Procedure. Mix (1) to (3). A clear solution is obtained. Heat to 80 to 90 C. Add (4). An instantaneous reaction occurs and a clear yellow solution is obtained. The mixing and heating is continued for 1 hour. A solution of Formula (VIII) Sodium salt in water is thus obtained.

Example 3 Preparation of N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)acetic acid from N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)acetic acid Sodium in water solution

Ingredients. (1) Water 95.3 (2) Sodium Bicarbonate 0.9 (3) Glycine 1.0 (4) Artemisinin 2.8. Procedure. Mix (1) to (3). Heat to 70 to 80 C. Add (4). An instantaneous reaction occurs and a clear solution is obtained. The mixing and heating is continued for 1 hour. A solution of (VIII) Sodium in water is thus obtained. Water is evaporated to ⅓ in volume and the solution allowed to cool. The pH is adjusted to 6.5 with citric acid (2.0 grams of 50% solution). Compound (VIII) is obtained.

Example 4 Preparation of N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylidene)phenyacetic acid Sodium

Ingredients. (1) Water 94.5 (2) Sodium Bicarbonate 0.9 (3) Phenylalanine.H₂O1.8 (4) Artemisinin 2.8. Procedure. Mix (1) to (3). Heat to 70 to 80 C. Add (4). An instantaneous reaction occurs and a clear yellow solution is obtained. The mixing and heating is continued for 1 hour. A solution of N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)phenyacetic acid Sodium in water is thus obtained.

Example 5 Preparation of N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylidene)carnosine sodium (formula IX sodium)

Ingredients. (1) Water 94.04 (2) Sodium Bicarbonate 0.9 (3) Carnosine 2.26 (4) Artemisinin 2.8. Procedure. Mix (1) to (3). Heat to 70 to 80 C. Add (4). An instantaneous reaction occurs and a clear yellow solution is obtained. The mixing and heating is continued for 1 hour. A solution of N-(Artemisinylideneamino)carnosine sodium (formula IX) in water is thus obtained.

Example 6 Preparation of N-(10-deoxyartemisinylidene)carnosine (formula IX)

Ingredients. (1) Water 94.94 (2) Carnosine 2.26 (3) Artemisinin 2.8. Procedure. Mix (1) to (3). Heat to 70 to 80 C. An instantaneous reaction occurs and a clear yellow solution is obtained. The mixing and heating is continued for 1 hour. A solution of N-(Artemisinylideneamino)carnosine (formula IX) in water is thus obtained.

Example 7 Preparation of N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylidene)glucosamine of formula (XI)

Ingredients. Ingredients. (1) Water 94.15 (2) Sodium Bicarbonate 0.9 (3) Glucosamine Hydrochloride 2.15 (4) Artemisinin 2.8. Procedure. Mix (1) to (3). Heat to 70 to 80 C. Add (4). An instantaneous reaction occurs and a clear yellow solution is obtained. The mixing and heating is continued for 1 hour. A solution of formula (XI) in water is obtained.

Example 8 Preparation of N-(10-deoxyartemisinylideneamino)-2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and Isomers (Formula X) in water medium

Ingredients. (1) Water 95.5 (2) Artemisinin 2.8 (3) 2-Hydroxyphenyl glycine 1.7. Procedure. The mixture of all ingredients is heated at 90 to 95 C for 2 hours. A solution of formula (X) is obtained.

Example 9 Preparation of N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)acetic acid and Isomers (Formula VIII) Zinc in water medium

Ingredients. (1) Water 96.20 (2) Artemisinin 1.5 (3) Zinc Bis-glycinate Hydrate 2.30. Procedure. The mixture of all ingredients is heated at 90 to 95 C for 2 hours. Water is then evaporated to ½ the volume, mixture cooled to room temperature, and iso-propanol (100 ml) is added with mixing and cooling. The precipitate is filtered and washed with water to remove any unreacted zinc glycinate, then washed with iso-propanol.

Example 10 Preparation of N-(10-deoxyartemisinylideneamino)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and Isomers

Ingredients. (1) Water 75.40 (2) Artemisinin 2.8 (3) 3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine 1.80 (4) PEG-6 20.0. Procedure. The mixture of (1) and (3) is heated at 90 to 95 C till a clear solution is formed. The mixture of (2) and (4) is then heated at 50 to 60 C to a clear solution. These solutions are mixed and heating continued at 90 to 95 C for 2 hours, then cooled to room temperature. The white crystalline precipitate of formula (XVII) thus formed is filtered and washed with water;

Example 11 Preparation of N-(10-deoxyartemisinylideneamino)acetic acid Manganese in water medium

Ingredients. (1) Water 96.40 (2) Artemisinin 1.5 (3) Manganese Bis-glycinate 2.10. Procedure. The mixture of all ingredients is heated at 90 to 95 C for 2 hours. Water is then evaporated off to ½ of its original volume. Ethanol (50 mL) is then added and the mixture cooled. A purplish crystalline material is formed. The precipitate is filtered and washed with water to remove any unreacted manganese glycinate.

Example 12 Preparation of N-(10-deoxyartemisinylidene)histidine Sodium

Ingredients. (1) Water 92.80 (2) Artemisinin 1.5 (3) Histidine 4.9 (4) Sodium bicarbonate (0.8). Procedure. The mixture of all ingredients is heated at 90 to 95 C for 2 hours. A solution of N-(Artemisinylideneamino)histidine sodium is formed.

Example 13 Preparation of N-(10-deoxyartemisinylideneamino)-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid

Ingredients. (1) Water 96.50 (2) Artemisinin 1.5 (3) 4-Hydroxyphenylglycine 2.0. Procedure. The mixture of all ingredients is heated at 90 to 95 C for 2 hours. The compound of formula (XVIII) is obtained,

Example 14 Skin Whitening and Anti-Wrinkle Serum

Ingredients. (1) Ethyl Lactate 20.0 (2) Polyalkyleneoxy Polyamide 0.5 (3) Compound (from Example 10) 5.0 (4) PEG-670.0 (5) Resacetophenone 4.0 (6) Preservatives 0.5. Procedure. Make serum base by mixing (1) to (3) at room temperature or slight heating. Pre-mix (4) to (6) to a clear solution and add to main batch with mixing. The product has serum like appearance.

Example 15 Anti-Acne and Facial Oil Control Cream

Ingredients. (1) Deionized water 79.5 (2) Cetearyl alcohol (and) dicetyl phosphate (and) Ceteth-10 phosphate 5.0 (3) Cetyl alcohol 2.0 (4) Glyceryl stearate (and) PEG-100 stearate 4.0 (5) Ethyl Lactate 5.0 (6) N-(Artemisinylidene)carnosine (from Example 6) 3.0 (7) N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (from Example 13) 1.0 (8) Preservatives 0.5. Procedure. Mix 1 to 5 and heat to 75-80.degree. C. Adjust pH to 4.0 4.5. Cool to 35-40 C with mixing. Add 6 to 8 with mixing. Adjust pH to 4.0-4.5, if necessary. An off-white cream is obtained.

Example 16 Skin Abrasion Treatment Cream

Ingredients. (1) Water 53.9 (2) Dicetyl Phosphate (and) Ceteth-10 Phosphate 5.0 (3) Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG-100 Stearate 4.0 (4) Phenoxyethanol 0.7 (5) Chlorphenesin 0.3 (60) Titanium Dioxide 0.2 (7) Sodium Hydroxide 0.5 (8) Magnolol 0.2 (9) Boswellia Serrata 0.5 (10) Cetyl Dimethicone 1.5 (11) Tetrahydrocurcuminoids 0.5 (12) Shea butter 2.0 (13) Ximenia oil 1.0 (14) Water 5.0 (15) Niacinamide Lactate 1.0 (16) Niacinamide Hydroxycitrate 3.1 (17) N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)-4-hydroxyphenyl glycine (from Example 13) 2.5 (18) Paeonol 1.5 (19) Carnosine 0.1 (20) Cyclomethicone, Dimethicone Crosspolymer 2.0 (21) Arbutin 0.5 (22) Polysorbate-20 2.0 (23) Ethyl Lactate 12.0. Procedure. Mix (1) to (13) and heat at 70 to 80 C till homogenous. Cool to 40 to 50 C. Premix (14) to (16) and add to batch with mixing. Mix (17) to (23) to a clear solution and add to main batch mix. Cool to room temperature. An off-white cream is obtained.

Example 17 Acne Cream

Ingredients. (1) Water 53.9 (2) Dicetyl Phosphate (and) Ceteth-10 Phosphate 5.0 (3) Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG-100 Stearate 4.0 (4) Phenoxyethanol 0.7 (5) Chlorphenesin 0.3 (60) Titanium Dioxide 0.2 (7) Sodium Hydroxide 0.5 (8) Magnolol 0.2 (9) Boswellia Serrata 0.5 (10) Cetyl Dimethicone 1.5 (11) Tetrahydrocurcuminoids 0.5 (12) Shea butter 2.0 (13) Ximenia oil 1.0 (14) Niacinamide Hydroxycitrate 2.2 (15) Ethyl Lactate 15.0 (16) Niacinamide Salicylate 4.0 (17) N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylidene)carnosine (from Example 6) 1.1 (18) Paeonol 1.5 (19) Carnosine 0.1 (20) Cyclomethicone, Dimethicone Crosspolymer 2.0 (21) Arbutin 0.5 (22) Salicylic Acid 2.0 (23) Polysorbate-202.0 (24) Polyacrylamide 2.0. Procedure. Mix (1) to (15) and heat at 70 to 80 C till homogenous. Cool to 40 to 50 C. Premix (16) to (23) and heat, if necessary, to a solution and add to main batch with mixing. Cool to room temperature and add (24) and mix. An off-white cream is obtained.

Example 18 Pet Cleanser

Ingredients. (1) PEG-647.229 (2) Hydroxypropyl Guar 0.4 (3) Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 20.0 (4) Sodium Lauryl Sulfoacetate 5.0 (5) Boswellia Serrata 0.05 (6) L-Glutathione 0.01 (7) Resveratrol 0.01 (8) N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylidene)glucosamine (XI) 1.1 (9) 2,6-Dihydroxy Acetophenone 0.001 (10) Ascorbic acid 10.0 (11) Phenoxyethanol 0.7 (12) Ethylhexylglycerin 0.3 (13) Fragrance 0.2 (14) Ethylhexyl Lactate 15.0. Procedure. Mix (1) and (2) to a clear thin gel. Add (3) and (4) and mix. Premix (5) to (14) to a solution. Add to main batch and mix. A white cream-like cleanser is obtained.

Example 19 Anti-inflammatory Transparent Gel for Veterinary Use

Ingredients. (1) Ethyl Lactate 96.0 (2) Hydroxypropyl Guar 1.0 (3) Ximenia Oil 0.1 (4) N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (from Example 13) 1.0 (5) Magnolol (and) Honokiol 0.2 (6) Paeonol 0.5 (7) N-(Artemisinylidene)glucosamine (XI) 0.2 (8) Fragrance 1.0. Procedure. Mix (1) and (2) and heat at 50 to 60 C till clear. Cool to 40 to 45 C and add all other ingredients and mix. Cool to room temperature. A transparent gel-like product is obtained.

Example 20 Heat Releasing Face and Body Skin Brightening Cleanser

Ingredients. (1) Ethyl Lactate 5.0 (2) Hydroxypropyl Guar 0.4 (3) PEG-636.9 (4) Glycerin 2.0 (5) Vitamin E 0.1 (6) Botanicals blend 0.1 (7) Zeolite 30.0 (8) Disodium Lauryl Sulfosuccinate powder 7.5 (9) Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate powder 11.0 (10) Shea butter 1.1 (11) Apricot Kernel Oil 0.5 (12) Artemisinin 1.1 (13) Mango butter 0.5 (14) Fragrance 3.0 (15) Preservative 0.8. Procedure. Mix (1) to (3) and heat at 40 to 50 C till a clear gel is obtained (about one hour). Pre-mix (4) to (6) and add to main batch and mix. Add (7) to (13) and mix. Cool to 35 to 45 C. Add all other ingredients to main batch and mix. Cool to room temperature to an off-white paste. Upon application to slightly wet face or body, heat release is experienced and voluminous foam is generated upon rubbing skin with some more water.

Example 21 Facial Glow Serum

Ingredients. (1) Butylene Glycol 57.9 (2) Water 10.0 (3) Ascorbic Acid 10.0 (4) Diglycerol 10.0 (5) Bis-PEG-18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl Silane 4.0 (6) Acrylates/Aminoacrylates/C-10-30 Alkyl PEG-20 Itaconate Copolymer 4.0 (7) N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylidene)glucosamine (XI) 1.5 (8) Glycine 1.0 (9) Magnolol 0.2 (10) Baicalin 0.2 (11) Coleus Forskohlii Root Extract 0.1 (12) Preservative 1.0. Procedure. Make Premix A by mixing (2), (7), and (8) at 60 to 70 C for 30 min., then add (3) with mixing. Make Premix B by mixing all other ingredients, except (6), separately. Mix Premix A and Premix B, then add (6) with mixing to adjust viscosity.

Example 22 Facial Glow Cream

Ingredients. (1) Water 72.45 (2) Dicetyl phosphate and Ceteth-10 phosphate 5.0 (3) Glyceryl Stearate and PEG-100 stearate 4.0 (4) Diglycerol 2.0 (5) Shea butter 2.0 (6) Artemisinin 1.5 (7) N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylidene)glucosamine (XI) 2.2 (8) Capuacu butter 1.0 (9) Sodium hydroxide 0.25 (10) Boswellia serrata extract 0.5 (11) Tetrahydrocurcumin 0.2 (12) Paeonol 0.2 (13) Arbutin 1.1 (14) Coleus Forskohlii Root extract 0.1 (15) Polysorbate-204.0 (16) Carnosine 0.1 (17) Preservative 1.0 (18) Polyacrylamide and C13-14 Isoparaffin and Laureth-72.0. Procedure. Make Premix A by mixing (1), (6), and (7) at 80 to 90 C. Add all other ingredients and continue mixing until homogenous. Cool to room temperature.

Example 23 Dandruff Cleanser Shampoo

Ingredients. (1) Water 52.5 (2) Artemisia annua extract 1.5 (3) Glycine 1.0 (4) Arbutin 0.5 (5) Magnolol 0.2 (6) Coleus Forskohlii Root Extract 0.3 (7) Preservative 1.0 (8) Compound of formula (XVIII; from Example 13) 1.0 (9) Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate 20.0 (10) Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 20.0 (11) PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate 2.0. Procedure. Mix (1) to (3) at 80 to 90 C. Add all other ingredients. Continue mixing until homogenous. Cool to room temperature.

Example 24 High Foaming Pet Cleanser for Veterinary Use

Ingredients. (1) Water 51.4 (2) N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylideneamino)-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (from Example 13) 1.5 (3) Zinc Salicylate Glycinate 2.1 (4) Paeonol 0.5 (5) Magnolol 0.2 (6) Coleus Forskohlii Root Extract 0.3 (7) Preservative 1.0 (8) N-(Artemisinylidene)glucosamine (XI) 1.0 (9) Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate 20.0 (10) Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 20.0 (11) PEG-120 Methyl Glucose Dioleate 2.0. Procedure. Mix (1) to (11) at 80 to 90 C. Continue mixing until homogenous. Cool to room temperature.

Example 25 Rosacea Cream

Ingredients. (1) Water 53.9 (2) Dicetyl Phosphate (and) Ceteth-10 Phosphate 5.0 (3) Glyceryl Stearate (and) PEG-100 Stearate 4.0 (4) Phenoxyethanol 0.7 (5) Chlorphenesin 0.3 (60) Titanium Dioxide 0.2 (7) Sodium Hydroxide 0.5 (8) Magnolol 0.2 (9) Boswellia Serrata 0.5 (10) Cetyl Dimethicone 1.5 (11) Tetrahydrocurcuminoids 0.5 (12) Shea butter 2.0 (13) Ximenia oil 1.0 (14) Niacinamide Hydroxycitrate 2.2 (15) Ethyl Lactate 15.0 (16) Niacinamide Salicylate 4.0 (17) Artemisia annua extract 10.1 (18) Paeonol 1.5 (19) Carnosine 0.1 (20) Cyclomethicone, Dimethicone Crosspolymer 2.0 (21) N-(10-Deoxyartemisinylidene)glucosamine (XI) 0.5 (22) Salicylic Acid 2.0 (23) Polysorbate-202.0 (24) Polyacrylamide 2.0. Procedure. Mix (1) to (15) and heat at 70 to 80 C till homogenous. Cool to 40 to 50 C. Premix (16) to (23) and heat, if necessary, to a solution and add to main batch with mixing. Cool to room temperature and add (24) and mix. An off-white cream is obtained.

Additional Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity.

A simple test to evaluate antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the compounds of the present invention was done. A solution of said compound from Example 10 (0.1%) in water was allowed to come in contact with a solution of a microbe or fungus and the “kill” was observed microscopically. The results are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2.

Enzyme Inhibition Test.

A simple test to evaluate enzyme inhibition activity of the compounds of the present invention was done. A solution of said compound from Example 10 (0.1%) in water was allowed to come in contact with a suspension of an enzyme in phosphate buffer and the inhibition was observed. The results are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3.

Mechanism of Inhibition of Metalloenzymes.

A number of metalloenzymes and metalloproteins of biological importance are known, some of which are included in Table 4.

Table 4.

All of metalloenzymes and metalloproteins have a metal at their active-site. The inactivation of this metal by an agent can lead to the inhibition of a metalloenzyme or metalloprotein. For example, Noh et al. (Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Volume 19, Issue 19, 1 Oct. 2009, Pages 5586-5589) disclose tyrosinase inhibition mechanism based on the docking simulation data of certain kojic acid-phenylalanine amide compounds of formula (XIX);

The compounds of the present invention dock on the metal of the active center of metalloenzymes or metalloproteins to perform two possible functions:

-   -   (i) Inactivate the metal site, and     -   (ii) Act as a competitive substrate for said site.         For example, the binding of compound of formula (XVII) with said         metal of tyrosinase brings the metal atom to close proximity of         the endo-peroxide moiety. In the subsequent steps the         endo-peroxide binds with the metal to deactivate it (b), and         3,5-dihydroxyphenylalanine moiety of the molecule acts as a         competitive substrate for tyrosine, which causes tyrosinase         inhibition (FIG. 2).

FIG. 2.

The mechanism of the inhibition of other metal active centers in other metalloenzymes is very similar to the postulated mechanism above. For example, the X-ray crystallographic structures of several MMP catalytic domains have shown that this domain is an oblate sphere measuring 35×30×30 A (3.5×3×3 nm). The active site is a 20 A (2 nm) groove that runs across the catalytic domain. In the part of the catalytic domain forming the active site there is a catalytically important Zn²⁺ ion, which is bound by three histidine residues. This is very similar to tyrosinase wherein the catalytic domain forming the active site there is a catalytically important dinuclear Cu—Cu ion, which is bound by three histidine residues. The proposed inactivation of MMP proceeds in the similar manner (FIG. 2).

TABLE 1 Antibacterial Activity of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives Biological Activity References Plasmodium falciparum Slade et al., Antiprotozoal, anticancer and Plasmodium vivax antimicrobial activities of Anticancer dihydroartemisinin acetal dimers and Antifungal monomers, Bioorg Med Chem., 2009 Dec (Cryptococcus neoformans) 1; 17(23): 7949-57. Antileishmanial Antibacterial Anaerobic bacteria Shoeb et al., Antimicrobial activity of Gonococci artemisinin and its derivatives against anaerobic bacteria, J. Chemother. 1990 Dec; 2(6): 362-7. Epilachna paenulata Maria E. Maggi et al., Journal of Chemical Spodoptera eridania Ecology Volume 31, Number 7, 1527-1536 (2005). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Ravit Arav-Boger et al., Artemisinin- Derived Dimers Have Greatly Improved Anti-Cytomegalovirus Activity Compared to Artemisinin Monomers, April 2010. Cryptococcus neoformans Liu CH, Zou WX, Lu H, et al., J Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biotechnol 2001; 88: 277-82. Galal AM, Ross SA, Jacob M, et al., J Nat Prod 2005; 68: 1274-6. Escherichia coli U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,405 Mycobacteria Staphylococcus aureus Srivastava et al., Biotransformation of S. epidermidis Artemisinin Mediated through Fungal S. mutans Strains for Obtaining Derivatives with Novel Activities, Sci Pharm. 2009; 77: 87-95 Staphylococcus aureus Gupta et al., In vitro antibacterial activity Bacillus subtilis of Artemisia annua growing in India, Bacillus pumilus International Journal of Green Pharmacy, Bacillus cereus Year 2009, Volume 3, Issue 3 [p. 255-258] Micrococcus luteus Escherichia coli Salmonella typhi Pseudomonas aeruginosa Roundworm Bone, K., Clinical applications of Pinworm Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. 2001. 7-12. Enterobius vermicularis al-Waili, N., Artemisia herba-alba extract for treating Enterobius vermicularis infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg., 1988. 82(4): p. 626. Neospora caninum EP 097593 (A1) Eimeria tenella Marash et al. (U.S. patent application Ser. Helicobacter pylori No. 20060258716)

TABLE 2 Additional Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity Testing. Microbe/Fungus Result Propionibacterium acnes + Demodex folliculorum + Micrococcus luteus + Corynebacterium aquaticum + Corynebacterium flavescens + Corynebacterium callunae + Corynebacterium nephredi + Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale + Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis + Pityrosporum (Malassezia) globosa + Pityrosporum (Malassezia) restricta + Pityrosporum (Malassezia) furfur + Compound Tested: (VIII) Na Salt from Example 2.

TABLE 3 Enzyme Inhibition Test. Enzyme Inhibition Tyrosinase + Matrix Metalloproteases + Phenylalanine Oxidase + Catalase + Collagenase + Elastase + 

1. A compound of formula (I), an isomer, or a salt thereof;

Wherein, R, together with the interadjacent nitrogen atom, represents an amino acid, amino ester, amino acid amide, peptide, or amino sugar group.
 2. A compound of claim 1, wherein said amino acid, amino ester, amino acid amide, or peptide is selected from the group consisting of formula (II) and isomers thereof;

Wherein, R₁═H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, heterocyclic-alkyl, mercapto-alkyl, dithio-alkyl, carboxyalkyl, amidoalkyl, and guanidinoalkyl; R₂═OR₃, NR₃R₄, and peptide; and R₃, R₄═H, alkyl, and aryl; and n=0 to
 10. 3. A compound of claim 1, wherein said amino sugar is selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, galactosamine, chondrosamine, ribamine, allosamine, altrosamine, gulosamine, idosamine, talosamine, ribosamine, arabinosamine, xylosamine, lyxosamine, fructosamine, neuraminic acid, sialic acid, mannosamine, and their isomers.
 4. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is of formula (III);


5. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1, wherein said isomer of said compound is of formula (IV);


6. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1, wherein said salt of said compound is of formula (V);


7. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1, wherein said salt of said isomer of said compound is of formula (VI);


8. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is of formula (VII);


9. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is of formula (VIII);


10. A composition comprising said salt of a compound of claim 1, wherein said salt is a metal salt; said metal is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Se.
 11. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1 for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, topical, or oral application.
 12. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1 to treat a dermatological disorder selected from the group comprising challenged skin from cancer, diabetes, radiation treatments, chemotherapy, and sun-burn; mitochondrial dysfunction, age spots, acne, loss of cellular antioxidants, collagen loss, loss of skin pliability, loss of skin suppleness, skin wrinkles including fine lines, oxidation, damage from radiation, damage from free radicals, damage from UV, dry skin, xerosis, ichthyosis, dandruff, brownish spots, keratoses, melasma, lentigines, liver spots, pigmented spots, dark circles under the eyes, skin pigmentation including darkened skin, blemishes, oily skin, warts, eczema, pruritic skin, psoriasis, inflammatory dermatoses, topical inflammation, disturbed keratinization, skin changes associated with aging, scalp dryness, skin depigmentation, and combinations thereof.
 13. A composition comprising a compound of claim 1 to treat a disease caused by infection by a parasite.
 14. A process for a compound of claim 1, which comprises combining; (i) artemisinin, or a suitable derivative thereof, and (ii) an amino acid, amino ester, amino acid amide, peptide, or amino sugar, and, optionally, (iii) an inorganic base, and (iv) a liquid reaction medium, and (v) heating at 50 to 120 degrees Celsius.
 15. A method of treating or preventing a disease caused by infection with a parasite comprising administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of claim
 1. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said parasite is selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Cryptococcus neoformans, Leishmania, Anaerobic bacteria, Gonococci, Epilachna paenulata, Spodoptera eridania, Cryptococcus neoformans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Mycobacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. mutans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Roundworm, Pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Neospora caninum, Eimeria tenella, Propionibacterium acnes, Demodex folliculorum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Corynebacterium aquaticum, Corynebacterium flavescens, Corynebacterium callunae, Corynebacterium nephredi, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) globosa, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) restricta, Pityrosporum (Malassezia) furfur, Helicobacter pylori, canine infection, and combinations thereof.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said parasite is Propionibacterium acnes.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein said parasite is Pityrosporum (Malassezia) globosa.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein said parasite is canine infection 